Citing references

Williams , 407 U.S. 143 , 146-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) (tip from known informant "carried enough indicia of reliability" to justify an "officer's forcible stop").

Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873 , 95 S.Ct. 2574 , 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972); W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 9.2, at 36-37 (1978).

Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).

Texas, 443 U.S. 47 (1979); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 144, 147-148 (1972)). Petitioner’s presence at a gas station known as a “hot spot” for narcotics is a factor to support reasonable suspicion.

Harris, 403 U.S. 573 , 91 S.Ct. 2075 , 29 L.Ed.2d 723 (1971), and Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972), appear less stringent than those in Aguilar and Spinelli.

Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. at 146-47 , 92 S.Ct. at 1923 .

In Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972), a police officer learned from an individual known to him to be a reliable informant that Williams was carrying a weapon.

Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972), if the officer has knowledge of specific and articulated facts, which, along with the rational inferences from those facts, support a reasonable suspicion that the individual is involved

A recent decision elaborating these principles is Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 , where the Supreme Court sustained an investigatory stop of a suspect in a parked car.

Adams v. Williams , 407 U.S. 143 , 146, 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).

New York, 442 U.S. 200 , 99 S.Ct. 2248 , 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). We disagree.

In Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , (1972), the Supreme Court upheld a Terry stop when an informant had advised police that the suspect was carrying a weapon.

Williams, [ 407 U.S. 143, 146 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) ], and ... handcuffing was an appropriate method of maintaining the status quo while further inquiry was made. 42 Id. at 220 .

See, e.g., Adams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 (investigatory stop of a suspect in a parked car sustained where officer had been advised by an informant that “an individual seated in a nearby vehicle was carrying narcotics and had a gun at his waist”); Lechuga

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), and Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).

In Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1924 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972), for example the Supreme Court allowed a stop without any corroboration after “a credible informant warn[ed] of a specific impending crime.” In United States v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), and Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).

The Supreme Court held in Adams v.

(citing Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 146–47 (1972)). The court found that “Nelson’s information in particular bore several signs of reliability.” Id.

As we clarified when we made indicia of reliability critical in Adams [v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) ] and White , the Fourth Amendment is not so easily satisfied.” Id. at 273, 120 S.Ct. 1375 .

See also Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-46 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). For Fourth Amendment purposes, a temporary detention is “permitted without a warrant and on the basis of reasonable suspicion less than probable cause.”

Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 149 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972); see also Spiegel v.

Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-6 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). The officers here acted upon facts sufficient to justify stopping the suspect’s automobile.

Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-46 , 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) (citations to Terry omitted) (emphasis added). This court recently had occasion to summarize the law concerning investigatory or Terry stops in United States v.

J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270 , 120 S.Ct. 1375 , 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47 , 92 S.Ct. 1921 , 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972); see also WIS. STAT. § 946.41 (prohibiting the filing of false reports with a police officer).