Citing references

Nally, 2005 VT 85 , ¶ 4 n. 3, 178 Vt. 222 , 882 A.2d 1164 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Pierce v. Smith, 117 F.3d 866, 871-72 (5th Cir.1997)).

See Sprague, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5 . First, the Court must evaluate if the officer violated a constitutional right. Id. Second, the Court must evaluate if the “right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Id.

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 4 , 178 Vt. 222 .

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 4 , 178 Vt. 222 . The idea is to “prevent exposing state employees to the distraction and expense of defending themselves in the courtroom” if they are acting within the range of what a reasonable employee could do.

Natty, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 3 , 178 Vt. 222 , 882 A.2d 1164 (party may not predicate error on action that party has induced).

Nally, 2005 VT 85 , 9 4 n.3, 178 Vt. 222 , 225 n.3, 882 A.2d 1164 , 1167 n.3.

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 6 , 178 Vt. 22 , 878 A.2d 334 , ¶ 6, 178 Vt. 222, 228 . On October 27, 2025,2 the Court issued an order noting that Sprague v.

Natty, 178 Vt. 222, 230 , 882 A.2d 1164 (2005). Accordingly, summary judgment against the Plaintiffs on all of their state law claims is granted on the basis of qualified immunity as well. IV.

Nelly¸ 2005 VT 85, ¶ 3 , 178 Vt. 222 ; In re Hunter, 167 Vt. 219, 225 , fn* (1997). Additionally, the Court may rely on unpublished entry orders from Vermont Supreme Court to determine claim preclusion, issue preclusion, and the law of the case.

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5 , 178 Vt. 22 .

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 4 , 178 Vt. 222 (“Even in applying qualified official immunity to state tort law claims, we use the federal objective good faith standard . . . .” (quoting Cook v. Nelson, 167 Vt. 505, 509 (1998))); Sabia v.

Nally, 2005 VT 85 ¶ 4 n.3, 178 Vt. 222 , 225 n.3 (2005), Plaintiff failed to explain why qualified immunity would not apply to the City, standing indirectly in the shoes of Whipple, Edwards, Martel, and Solomon. Yet Civetti v.

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 2 , 178 Vt. 222 (quoting Gilman v. Maine Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 2003 VT 55, ¶ 20 , 175 Vt. 554 (mem.) (internal quotations omitted)).

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 2 , 178 Vt. 222 (quoting Gilman v. Maine Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 2003 VT 55, ¶ 20 , 175 Vt. 554 (mem.) (internal quotations omitted)).

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5 , 178 Vt. 222 .

Nally, 2005 VT 85, § 2 , 178 Vt. 222 J (quoting Gilman v. Maine Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 2003 VT 55, 20 , 175 Vt. 554 (mem.) (internal quotations omitted)).

Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 4, n.3 , 178 Vt. 222 (citation omitted). Based on the findings above, the court does not reach the question of qualified or absolute immunity or immunity under 24 V.S.A. § 901.

Sprague, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5 (citation omitted). “Of course, when we consider state tort liability, the ‘clearly established law’ is not limited to federal constitutional and statutory rights, but may include Vermont statutes, regulations and common law.”

Sprague, 178 Vt. 222, 224 (2005), quoting Gilman v. Maine Mutual Fire Insurance. Co., 175 Vt. 554 (2003).

Nally, 2005 VT 85 , ¶ 4 n.3 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 1.