Gold v. United States
Ben Gold v. United States
Opinion of the Court
Per Curiam:
The judgment is reversed and the case remanded to the District Court with directions to grant a new trial because of official intrusion into the privacy of the jury. Remmer v. United States, 350 U. S. 377 ; 347 U. S. 227 . The fact that the intrusion was unintentional does not remove the effect of the-intrusion.
MR. Justice Reed, with whom Mr. Justice Burton and Mr. Justice Clark join, has filed a dissent. Mr. Justice Clark has filed a separate dissent.
Dissent
Mr. Justice Reed,
with whom Mr. Justice Burton and Mr. Justice Clark join, dissenting.
The Remmer case, dealing with a Federal Bureau of Investigation inquiry into a suspected approach to a juror by a defendant, is not in our judgment controlling in this FBI inquiry of people who happened to be Gold jurors concerning a different Communist case. Compare the facts and conclusions of law in Remmer v. United States, 350 U. S. 377, 381, 382 , and 347 U. S. 227 , with the facts stated in Gold v. United States, 99 U. S. App. D. C. 136, 147, 237 F. 2d 764, 775 .
While a presumption of prejudice arises when a juror in a criminal case receives a private communication bearing even remotely on the trial, the question in each such case is whether that presumption has been rebutted. Cf. *986 Remmer v. United States, 347 U. S. 227, 229 , and Mattox v. United States, 146 U. S. 140, 149-150 .
We think the record showing of the jurors’ reaction to the present inquiry, Record 1586-1673, adequately supports the trial judge’s conclusion that no effect upon the jurors adverse to the defendant, because of the accidental intrusion upon their privacy, could reasonably be anticipated.
The juror and the alternate who felt disturbed by the incident were discharged. In our view this made it proper to go ahead, as the court did, with the trial.
Dissent
Mr. Justice Clark,
dissenting.
While I too feel that the narrow ground of Remmer’s case should not be used to bring about reversal here, I am also disturbed by the refusal of the Court to decide other important questions urged upon us by both parties and ready for disposition. Among these are the applicability of the perjury rule of evidence to the false statement statute, eligibility of government employees to serve as jurors, admissibility of evidence of prior activity in the Communist Party to disprove the sincerity of a resignation therefrom, the use of expert witnesses to prove continuing membership and the correctness of the court’s charges as to membership in the Party, etc. It seems to me that proper judicial administration requires this Court to decide these important issues, particularly since they will again arise at the retrial. Furthermore, similar cases involving the same legal points are pending in various districts throughout the country. The refusal of the majority today to pass upon them thus deprives the federal judiciary of this Court’s opinion, which renders today’s error multifold. It will cause undue hardship in the trial of all of these cases, not only on the Government but on the defendants as well. I therefore dissent.
Combined text as published — syllabus, headnotes and all opinions in one document
352 U.S. 985 77 S.Ct. 378 1 L.Ed.2d 360
Ben GOLD, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES of America.
No. 137.
Argued Jan. 22 and 23, 1957.
Decided Jan. 28, 1957.
Messrs. Harold I. Cammer, New York City, and Joseph Forer, Washington, D.C., for the petitioner.
Mr. Joseph A. Lowther, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.
PER CURIAM.
1
The judgment is reversed and the case remanded to the District Court with directions to grant a new trial because of official intrusion into the privacy of the jury. Remmer v. United States, 350 U.S. 377 , 76 S.Ct. 425 ; 347 U.S. 227 , 74 S.Ct. 450 , 98 L.Ed. 654 . The fact that the intrusion was unintentional does not remove the effect of the intrusion.
2
Mr. Justice REED, with whom Mr. Justice BURTON and Mr. Justice CLARK join, dissenting.
3
The Remmer case, dealing with a Federal Bureau of Investigation inquiry into a suspected approach to a juror by a defendant, is not in our judgment controlling in this FBI inquiry of people who happened to be Gold jurors concerning a different Communist case. Compare the facts and conclusions of law in Remmer v. United States, 350 U.S. 377, 381, 382 , 76 S.Ct. 425, 427, 428 , and 347 U.S. 227 , 74 S.Ct. 450 , 98 L.Ed. 654 , with the facts stated in Gold v. United States, 237 F.2d 764, 775 .
4
While a presumption of prejudice arises when a juror in a criminal case receives a private communication bearing even remotely on the trial, the question in each such case is whether that presumption has been rebutted. Cf. Remmer v. United States, 347 U.S. 227, 229 , 74 S.Ct. 450, 451 , 98 L.Ed. 654 , and Mattox v. United States, 146 U.S. 140 , 149—150, 13 S.Ct. 50, 53 , 36 L.Ed. 917 .
5
We think the record showing of the jurors' reaction to the present inquiry, Record 1586—1673, adequately supports the trial judge's conclusion that no effect upon the jurors adverse to the defendant, because of the accidental intrusion upon their privacy, could reasonably be anticipated.
6
The juror and the alternate who felt disturbed by the incident were discharged. In our view this made it proper to go ahead, as the court did, with the trial.
7
Mr. Justice CLARK, dissenting.
8
While I too feel that the narrow ground of Remmer's case should not be used to bring about reversal here, I am also disturbed by the refusal of the Court to decide other important questions urged upon us by both parties and ready for disposition. Among these are the applicability of the perjury rule of evidence to the false statement statute, eligibility of government employees to serve as jurors, admissibility of evidence of prior activity in the Communist Party to disprove the sincerity of a resignation therefrom, the use of expert witnesses to prove continuing membership and the correctness of the court's charges as to membership in the Party, etc. It seems to me that proper judicial administration requires this Court to decide these important issues, particularly since they will again arise at the retrial. Furthermore, similar cases involving the same legal points are pending in various districts throughout the country. The refusal of the majority today to pass upon them thus deprives the federal judiciary of this Court's opinion, which renders today's error multifold. It will cause undue hardship in the trial of all of these cases, not only on the Government but on the defendants as well. I therefore dissent.
How later courts describe this case
Explanatory parentheticals written by citing courts — 4 in all; the most informative distinct ones are shown.
-
(granting a new trial where the FBI approached jurors about a different but related case, even though “the intrusion was unintentional”)
Cited by 22 cases
View all citing references →- U.S. Supreme Court1
- U.S. Courts of Appeals14
- Federal District Courts1
- State Highest Courts4
- State Appellate Courts2
Relies on it most ⓘ
Citing references are not a citator: they show that a later opinion cites this case, not whether it followed, distinguished, or overruled it. Check negative history before relying on this case.