United States v. Harry Gordon, United States of America v. Frank Rosenthal
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Harry GORDON Et Al., Defendants-Appellees; UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Frank ROSENTHAL Et Al., Defendants-Appellees
Opinion
PER CURIAM:
The district court dismissed the indictment in these two cases on the ground that licensed Nevada bookmakers and their employees do not engage in an “illegal gambling business,” within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1955 , by violating non-penal regulations of the Nevada Gaming Commission. We agree and affirm the district court’s decision.
18 U.S.C. § 1955 reads in pertinent part as follows:
Prohibition of illegal gambling businesses.
(a) Whoever conducts, finances, manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an illegal gambling business shall be fined not more than $20,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
(b) As used in this section— (1) “illegal gambling business”
means a gambling business which— (i) is a violation of the law of a State or political subdivision in which it is conducted * * *.
[Emphasis added.]
These two cases hinge on the construction of the phrase, “the law of a State.” Relying on United States v. Howard, 352 U.S. 212 , 77 S.Ct. 303 , 1 L.Ed.2d 261 (1957), the government’s basic position is that a business may be a violation of “the law of a State,” within the meaning of § 1955, without being a violation of the State’s criminal laws. The government’s reliance on United States v. Howard, supra, is misplaced. In How *358 ard a violation of the applicable regulation of the Florida Game Commission was punishable as a crime. Here a violation of the applicable Nevada Gaming Commission regulation can lead only to civil sanctions.
As used in § 1955, the pivotal words, “the law of a State,” suffer from ambiguity. Those words can reasonably be construed to cover gambling businesses that are only in violation of state penal laws, or to embrace gambling businesses that are in violation of any state law— criminal or civil. In United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 , 92 S.Ct. 515, 523 , 30 L.Ed.2d 488 (1971) the Supreme Court said: “Thus, where there is ambiguity in a criminal statute, doubts are resolved in favor of the defendant.” That principle applies here. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the indictments.
How later courts describe this case
Explanatory parentheticals written by citing courts — 4 in all; the most informative distinct ones are shown.
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(finding § 1955 “the law of a state” language ambiguous regarding whether violation of state criminal law or any law, civil or criminal, was required and resolving ambiguity in favor of criminal defendant)
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