Summary
On motion, by defendants to set aside the verdict as against law and evidence, and because of excessive damages.
This was an action on the case for the loss of the plaintiff’s right band, and other injuries while driving over a crossing of the Maine Central Railroad, on Pearl street, in Bath, August 20, 1888.
The jury rendered a verdict for tbe plaintiff for $7,500.
On tbe morning of the accident the plaintiff starts from a point 134 feet west of the crossing. The crossing is a dangerous one. The road to it leads down a steep hill with the crossing at the foot. All view of the track from his starting point, and clear down to a point quite near the crossing is wholly cut off and he knows it. It has no gate or flagman and he knows it. Prom the nature of the ground, unless the traveler is watchful, a train, especially if coming from Bath, may start out upon him at any moment from behind the bank and mangle or kill him. He starts at train time, and he knows when be starts, that at that very moment, a regular train is about due at tbe crossing and will, come from Batli, — not towards it. Tbe clatter of bis butcher cart down tbe bill will inevitably deaden and perhaps drown tbe sound of an approaching train, while tbe thick canvass cover peculiar to a butcher’s cart, under and inside which he sits, will additionally obscure his view, and perhaps its flapping may still further dull the sound.
All this he knows, for he has passed over this same crossing with the same cart from 175 to 350 times in the six months immediately preceding the accident; but he also knows that about 53 feet west of the crossing he can begin to get a view south of the crossing, and that, from a point some distance west of the crossing and continuously from there to the crossing itself there is an unobstructed view of the whole track for half a mile in the direction of the expected train, and that by stopping the speed and noise of his cart anywhere beyond that point, and either looking or listening he must both see and hear any train near enough to be dangerous; or that even by looking without stopping, if he were at prudent speed, he would still have ample time and space to stop his manageable horse short of the fatal rails.
In such cases and in such surroundings we say:
1st. That the plaintiff is charged as matter of law with certain fixed and sharply defined duties.
2d. That if the whole evidence shows plainly that the plaintiff neglected those duties, or omitted to perform them, then, as matter of law, he cannot recover, and no verdict in his favor can stand.
When, as here, all sight of the track and train is cut off till one gets close to the crossing, it is especially the duty of the plaintiff to listen, and listen attentively so that he may discover the train by its noise. Cut off, like a blind man, from his sense of sight, he must give peculiar heed to bring his sense of hearing into full play.
To do this he must: 1st. Be a conscious, and not a merely mechanical, listener. He must have a listening mind as well as ear.
2d. He must listen at a proper place, sufficiently unobstructed and near the crossing so that he will be sure to hear a train, if it is within limits of possible danger.
3d. When he has reached such proper place, he must give himself full physical opportunity to hear, by freeing himself from every obstacle within his own control which might prevent or deceive his hearing. If his hearing is muffled by being inside a covered butcher’s cart, he must get his head outside where he can hear. Lest all other precautions fail, and lest, with all possible care, the train should still start out upon him unexpectedly, if the approach to the crossing is down a sharp grade, making it more difficult to stop suddenly, he should approach at such a slow and cautious speed as will enable him to hear readily, and stop instantly, if a train is suddenly detected.
If the clattering of his butcher’s cart with its arched skeleton frame, and its flapping canvass cover, moving down the 'sharp hill at a trot, which, unchecked, as it was, naturally grew faster as it neared the bottom, and which at the crossing, had become, as the Ward boy describes it “quite fast” — if all this, made his hearing of the train uncertain, or perhaps impossible, then it was his imperative duty to stop his team at suitable distance in order that he might hear.
The plaintiff was 134 feet from the crossing. He had not then got into his cart If we assume that his listening, the mounting of himself and his companion, the turning and starting of his team all occupied a minute, and that the train was moving at the average rate claimed by his own witnesses, twelve miles an hour, in that minute the train would travel over 1000 feet; and if his ‘horse went at six miles an hour, and the train at twelve miles, the train would go 268 feet while he went 134 feet to the crossing so that at the moment of his listening the train must have been about 1300 feet or one-quarter of a mile south of the crossing, and therefore, taking the hypothenuse, more than one-quarter of a mile distant from the listener; and no man can, with decent prudence, trust such an obstructed hearing of a train so remote, when, by a moment’s attention at nearer and unobstructed points, he may secure himself against any possible danger.
To sum up this point: That the plaintiff could really listen for the train all the way to the crossing and yet not hear it, is impossible, andón direct examination his counsel does not permit him to claim it.
If, listening, he heard the train, then he was criminally reckless in attempting to cross in front of it.
If, though listening, he neither stopped nor checked his speed and thus by his own act prevented himself from hearing, this is contributory negligence as matter of law.
If, as is most probable, after listening before he mounted his cart, 184 feet from the crossing, he listened no more but dismissed the train from his thoughts, and with unheeding mind drove upon the crossing, hearing and seeing nothing till he was on the track itself, such unthinkingness and neglect would equally and as matter of law, defeat his action.
But it is the duty of the. plaintiff to use his eyes as well as his ears. It is not enough to keep one sense open while he shuts the, other. Intervening objects may deaden sound and so deceive the ear. Deep cuts may obscure the approach. The noise of one’s own vehicle, if one refuses to still it by stopping, may drown the remote sound. Under some conditions, a single car or locomotive, even a train may steal on the traveler almost noiselessly, but the healthy eye, where a point is reached where it can sweep the track, makes its report to the brain unerringly. A man with good eyes cannot deliberately shut them and trust to his ears alone. If he does, when there is a point whence he might have seen had he looked, and seeing might have escaped, he cannot recover. If there was such a point in this case, from which the plaintiff could see the whole track, and if he knew its existence and that it was near the crossing, though he did not know or remember its precise location, it was his duty as matter of law: 1st. To watch for it. 2d. To look when he got to it, or so seasonably after that if he saw a train, he could stop in time to avert a collision. 3d. To look when he was expecting a train in the direction of the expected and not away from it. 4th. To clear his vision from any obstacle within his own control (as his own wagon cover) which might prevent his seasonable seeing. 5th. To approach the observation point at such a prudent and cautious speed that he could stop in time to avoid danger, if his eyes revealed it.
Upon this point the charge of the presiding judge is clear, emphatic and unmistakable, and the verdict is in plain disregard of the charge. Judge Libbey charged:
“Did he listen carefully at the point where he says he listened? If lie did and did not hear, does that satisfy you that it was not a proper point at which he could listen and in compliance with his legal duty? If he could not hear at that point, then, it was his duty to look, and look as soon as he got at a point where he could see. Did he do so ? He tells you that he first looked up the track, towards Brunswick and saw nothing, and then turned and looked down and saw the train immediately upon him. And that, he tells you was when he was very near, if not upon, the railroad track, so that his team was struck by the locomotive immediately afterwards, having hardly time to think what to do between the sight of the approaching train rushing upon him and the collision.
blow, the evidence is submitted to you, showing at what point’ he might have seen the approaching train before he readied the railroad track. Did he look at such point ? You must determine whether there is any evidence in the case that satisfies you he did do so. If he did not do so, then, under the rule of law that I have given you, and it is my duty to give you, he is not entitled to recover.”
Each of these several duties is charged on the plaintiff, as matter of law, and neglect to perform any one of them, where that would have enabled him to avoid tiie collision, defeats his recovery as matter of law, and even after verdict. Such neglect is negligence per se, and not mere evidence of negligence. Such is the settled law of Maine. Chase v. It. B., 78 Maine, 353; Lasan v. B. It., 77 Maine, 85; Benner’s ease, State v. B. It., 77 Maine, 538; Pickard’s case, State v. B. B., 76 Maine, 357. Some of the latest cases in other states which have specifically affirmed this doctrine are: Va., It. B. v. Kelleris Adm’r, 3 S. E. Rep. 703 — 7 ; It. B. v. Hunter, 83 Ind. 335; It. B. v. Ileileman, 49 Pa. St. 60, quoted and approved by our court in 76 Maine, 366; It. B. v. Snyder, 24 Ohio St. 670-677; Artz v. It. B., 34 Iowa, 153 ; Same case, 88 Iowa, 293; Baxter v. It. It., 41 N. Y. 502; Gtaynon v. B. B., 100 Mass. 208.
The traveler cannot be excused from his duty by the use of one sense alone. It is his duty both to look and to listen, and, if necessary, to stop in order to do both. Where he cannot or does not bear, he must look, whenever by looking, be could have seen the train.
Where be cannot or does not see, be must listen and stop, if necessary, in order that be may bear. Micb., Mynning v. B. B., 31 N. W. Rep. 151; N. Y., Gcrippen v. B. B., 40 N. Y. 34; Iowa, Mosler v. B. B., 34 N. W. Rep. 853; Ind., Cones v. B. B., 16 N. E. Rep. 638; Miss., Tucker v. Duncan, 9 Fed. Rep. 867-72; Beach. Contrib. Neg. 863; N. Y., Salter v. B. B., 75 N. Y. 273; Oregon, Durbin v. By. Wav. Co., 17 Pac. Rep. 7, 8 and cases cited; 111., B. B. v. Grratzner, 46 111. 74, 85; N. J., Merkle v. B. B., 9 Atl. Rep. 680. All tbe Maine cases before cited speak to the same point. C. W. W. B. B. v. Grertsen, 15 Brad. (111.), 614. Tbe following late cases are specially close to tbe case at bar in their facts, and in all of them tbe court held as matter of law that tbe plaintiff could not recover. Iowa, Slater v. B. B., 32 N. W. Rep. 264; Va., B. B. v. Kellam's AdrnUr., 3 S. E. Rep. 703; Ind., Cones v. B. B., 16 N. E. Rep. 638; Micb., Freeman v. B. B., 41 N. W. Rep. 875; B. B. v. Flliott, 28 Ohio St. 340; B. B. v. Bathger, 32 Ohio St. 66; B. B. v. Beale, 73 Pa. St. 504; Wilds v. B. B., 29 N. Y. 315; Micb., Kwiotowski v. B. B., 38 N. W. Rep. 463.
Syllabus and headnotes are prepared by the reporter or publisher, not the court, and are not part of the opinion.
