Woodcock

Emery, C. J.

Ann F. Johnson in February, 1890, made her will which contained among others the following provision, viz : -

“3d. Upon the decease of my said daughter Mary without a child or children, I give and devise the balance of my estate then remaining unto my following named three children, Arbella Hersey, Horatio H. Johnson and Charles E. Johnson equally, and in case either of my said three children shall die before said Mary, leaving a child or children, then it is my will and desire and I do hereby devise and bequeath that the child or children of said deceased child shall receive the same share as its or their parent would have received if living.”

The testatrix died in 1891. Horatio H. Johnson, her son named in the will, died in 1896 before the daughter Mary, who died in 1906. Horatio left no child of his blood, but did leave a child by adoption, the appellant Ella, who was adopted under a decree of •the Probate Court in 1.882, previous to the making of the will. For the purpose of this opinion that decree is assumed to be valid.

The question is whether the appellant Ella takes the share Horatio H. Johnson would have taken had he survived his sister Mary. In other words the question is whether the words “child or children” as used by the testatrix in the clause of her will. above quoted includes a child by adoption and not of the blood.

Where one makes provision for his own “child or children,” by that designation, he should be held to have included an adopted child, since he is under obligation in morals if not in law to make provision for such child. Thus in Virgin, Exr., v. Marwick, 97 Maine, 578, where the proceeds of a life insurance policy were made payable to the insured’s “surviving children,” an adopted child, though adopted after the date of the policy, was held to be within its provisions. See also Martin v. Ætna Life Ins. Co., 73 Maine, 25. On the other hand in statutes exempting children from an inheritance tax, an adopted child is not included in the term “child.” In re Miller's Estate, 110 N. Y. 216 . Commonwealth *217 v. Nancrede, 32 Pa. St. 389. In the latter case the court said: “Giving an adopted son a right to inherit does not make him a son in fact.”

When in a will provision is made for "a child or children” of some other person than the testator, an adopted child is not included unless other language in the will makes it clear that he was intended to be included, which is not the case here. In making a devise over from his own children to their "child or children” there is a presumption that the testator intended "child or children” of his own-blood, and did not intend his estate to go to a stranger to his blood. Blood relationship has always befen recognized by the common law as a potent factor in testacy. In this case, Ella, the adopted child of Horatio, however fully his child in law was not the grandchild of Horatio’s mother, the testatrix, was not in any way related to her, was a stranger to her blood. The testatrix was under no sort of obligation, moral or family, to make any provision for her. We do not think it clear from the terms of her will that she intended Horatio’s share to go out of the blood to a child by adoption only, and hence we hold that Ella, who was only a child by adoption, does not take anything under the will. Russell v. Russell, 84 Ala. 48 . Schafer v. Eneu, 54 Pa. St. 304.

The appellant cites Warren v. Prescott, 84 Maine, 483, where it was held that an adopted child was within the meaning of the words "lineal descendants” in the statute, R. S., 1883, ch. 74, sec. 10, and as such would prevent a legacy lapsing, where a legacy was bequeathed to his adopted parent by a relative and the legatee died before the testator. That case, however, was one of the construction of the words "lineal descendants” in a statute. It is not applicable to this case which is one of the construction of the words "child or children” in a will. In this case, too, the legatee Horatio did not die before his mother the testatrix, and there is no question of lapsing of legacy but simply one of who takes the legacy.

Decree of Probate Court affirmed with costs.

Case remitted to the Probate Court.