Williamson v. Williamson

The Chancellor.

The plaintiff comes not as a novus hospes into this court. It is but a few weeks since I dismissed the bill between these very parties, * and a new suit for a. divorce has since been instituted, by consent, and brought to a hearing, according to its regular order, on the calendar; and from some negotiation, or accommodation, which does not appear, and to which I mean not to be a party, by giving it any facility, a decree of divorce, though strongly resisted in the former cause, appears now to be a matter of consent and solicitude on both sides. The facts have, accordingly, been very sparingly detailed, but those that are shown, appear to me to be quite sufficient to disclose the merits of the case; and, if it had been otherwise, I should not have very willingly moved until they had been disclosed. To guard against all kind of improper influence, collusion, and fraud, it is the policy of the law not to proceed upon the ground of the consent of parties, to a dissolution of the marriage contract, and 1 shall consider this case precisely as if a serious controversy existed, and the parties stood adversely to each other, upon their respective rights arising out of the case.

It is not for me to say, whether the statute is too severe, in applying, indiscriminately, to every case of a divorce for adultery, the prohibition to the party convicted to marry again, though the adultery may have been committed by a remarriage after the absence of the other party for five years, and accompanied with very credible information, or with the presumption and belief, of his death. The ecclesiastical law will not admit any such presumption of death to excuse the guilt of the second marriage, holding it to bo no public inconvenience that the wife should remain a widow; but a very great inconvenience, and a violation of the sanctity of the contract, that she should marry again. *491 under any circumstances, during the lifetime of her first husband. (Fournel, Traite de VAdult. part 1. ch. 6. art. 2. sect. 3.) In Holland, however they have guarded against the occurrence of this inconvenience, by a general ordinance authorizing the courts to allow a second marriage, if the husband is absent for five years without being heard of. (Voet, lib. 23. tit. 2. de ritu nuptiarum, sect. 99.) But whatever opinion may be entertained of the policy of that provision in our statute, I cannot think the statute intended that the party injured should be entitled to come, at any time, and in every case, and to put the cause on the single dry question, has an act of adultery, in judgment of law, been committed ? Nothing could operate more unjustly than such a construction. The statute says, that, after the truth of the adultery charged shall have been ascertained, “ it shall be lawful for the court’'’ to decree a dissolution of the marriage. This language may, and ought to be understood, as leaving to the court the exercise of that sound discretion which the nature of the case, and the principles of equity, might require. The general rules of the English jurisprudence, on this subject, must be considered as applicable, under the regulations of the statute, to this newly-created branch of equity jurisdiction. It is not to be supposed that the statute intended, in all cases of adultery charged and proved, that the court should be absolutely bound (no matter under what circumstances) to grant to the prosecutor the effect of a suit carried on for his own benefit. It is to be recollected, that a bill for a divorce is not a public, but a private prosecution, brought at the instance of the party aggrieved, and subject to his control. Cases may be Stated of adultery proceeding from surprise, error, the previous consent of the husband, or followed by his subsequent reconciliation, or long acquiescence, in which it is admitted, by all the authorities on this subject, that it would be repugnant to the principles of reason and justice, that the husband should be permitted to prosecute his wife ; and by the ec *492 his — , clesiastical law, the husband cannot obtain a divorce for adultery, if the wife recriminates, and can prove infidelity on j ’ . . ~ . part. (Oughton’s Ordo Judiciorum, vol. 1. tit. 214. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law, tit. Marriage, sect. 11. Fournel, Traite de l’Adult. p. 71. 128. Dig. 48. 5. 13. 5.) It was observed, in reference to one of the instances I have supposed, by the late Ch. J. Parsons, (and it is not in my power to avail myself of more respectable authority,) that it would be unjust and immoral for the husband to claim and enjoy the society of his wife after a knowledge of her offence, and then be permitted to cast her off for that same offence, and dissolve the marriage. (6 Tyng’s Rep. 147. Anon.) It is, indeed, a general principle, recognised as every where pervading this branch ofjurispru-, dence, that subsequent cohabitation with the wife, with knowledge of her guilt, is a remission of the offence, and a bar to a divorce.

I think enough has been said to show, that a decree for a divorce is not to be taken as of course, though the fact of adultery may have existed; and I cannot but persuade myself, that when the statute created a jurisdiction in this court, for the cautious and limited exercise of the power of divorce, it intended that those settled principles of law and equity on this subject, which may be considered as a branch of the common law, should be here adopted and applied.

The lapse of time will, also, and on the soundest principles of justice and policy, form another exception to the right of prosecution for a divorce. An acquiescence of five years, without any existing disability, was, by the civil ■ law, and is, by the law of the continental nations who have adopted the civil law, a bar to a prosecution for adultery. (Dig. 48. 5. 1. 29. et 31. Voet, h. t. n. 22. Ibid, lib. 44. 3. n. 7. in fine. Fournel, Traite de l’Adult. p. 67.) The injured party is presumed to have pardoned or remitted the offence. We find no certain rule on this point in the English law, because, since the time of Elizabeth, (see Rye v. *493 Fuliambe, Moore, 683.,) divorces, a vinculo, are not granted for adultery, except by act of parliament; but a limitation is imposed by the rules of parliament, as by a standing order of the commons, (of the 10th of June, 1773, and see the old rule in 8 St. Tri. 35. n.,) no bill of divorce for adultery can pass until an action for crim. con. has been prosecuted at law, to judgment, or sufficient cause shown why it has not; and we know that six years is a bar to such a suit. Long acquiescence will, under our law, bar a prosecution for any other civil injury, and why not for this ? Why may not the court in this, as in' other cases, raise presumptions in bar by analogy to the statutes of limitation ? We may, perhaps, venture to say, that to sustain a bill of divorce for adultery, after the husband (as in this case) has acquiesced under a knowledge of it, for twenty years, would be repugnant to the institutions of all mankind.

in the present case, the husband returned in 1792, and found his wife recently married, in consequence of his long absence of eight years, and presumed death. Why did he not then reclaim her, or prosecute ? He did neither; but departed again from this state, and lived continually abroad, for 20 years, acquiescing in this second marriage, and suffering her offence to aggravate and become inveterate. She has had several children, and has spent the best part of her life in connexion with her present partner. If ever lapse of time, or long acquiescence, formed a just bar to this kind of prosecution, this is one. Can it be fit, or decent, or useful, that without any reason or apology for this delay, he should now be permitted to come into court to expose and disgrace this woman ? Most certainly not; and I shall, accordingly, decree that this bill be dismissed, with costs.

Decree accordingly» Vide ante, p. 389.