Marshall v. Riley

By the Court. — Lumpkin, J.

delivéring the opinion.

The taking of the testimony of the plaintiff in this case, Was under the Act of 1847, “ to authorize parties to compel discoveries at Common Law.” It requires that the interrogatories be filed, and then it must be made to appear to the Court where the cause is pending, by the oath of the party filing the same, or otherwise, that the answers thereto will be material evidence in the suit, and that the questions propounded are pertinent, and such as the adverse party would be bound to answer upon a bill of discovery in a Court of Chancery.

[l.j It may be questioned whether the Legislature intended to authorize an appeal to the conscience of his adversary, where the aliunde testimony was sufficient, and in the power of the party. The Statute, however, simply requires that the discovery sought *370 shall be material, and not, in the language of the exception, that it should be indispensable.

[2.] That the order to answer should be based upon the affidavit of the applicant, or some showing equivalent to this, is manifest. Here, the order does not purport to be founded upon any such evidence, nor does any such accompany the record. We hold, therefore, that the exception, upon this point, was well taken.

[3.] We think, too, that the Court erred in ruling that the answers of the plaintiff might be read as . to the consideration of the note sued on. The Act of 1825, subsequently repealed, but revived in 1839, forbids any person, to practise physic or surgery, or any of the branches thereof, or many case to prescribe for the cure of diseases, for fee or reward, unless licensed to do so; and for the first violation of the law, a fine not exceeding $500 is imposed, and for the second offence, imprisonment not exceeding the term of two months. Cobb’s Analysis, "602. And it is farther enacted, that on the trial of all indictments under the Act, it shall be incumbent on the defendant to show that he has been licensed, to exempt him from punishment. Ib. To compel the defendant, therefore, to testify that the note which was the subject matter of the action, was given to him as a fee for services rendered in curing a cancer upon the wife of Riley, would be to furnish all the testimony needed to convict him under the Statute ; the presumption being, according to its provisions, that he had no license.

The maxim of the Common Law, nemo tenetur seipsum prodere, that no man is bound to accuse himself of any crime, or to furnish any evidence to convict himself of any crime, is founded in great principles of constitutional right, and was not only settled in early times in England, but was brought by our ancestors to America, as a part of their birthright. “ This,” says Mr. Cooper, “ is a maxim of the law, founded upon the principles of British freedom, and may be considered as one of our constitutional rights and privileges. It has been encroached upon in arbitrary reigns, and particularly while the Court of Star Chamber was in existence, of which the process and pleading were the same as in Chancery, but extended even to criminal informations, to which the party accused was obliged to answer on oath. This drew it into the greatest odium, and was the principal cause of its downfall. The Court of Chancery, however, has never compelled a party to *371 criminate himself, and the fate of the Court of Star Chamber has, perhaps, made it still more strict in the observance of this rule of pleading. And it is so fundamental a rule, that Equity, which interferes in almost every other case, to prevent the application of the general law from working injustice, will not interfere against this rule.” Eq. Pl. 203.

It was the great boast of Lord Hardwick, says Judge Story, that the general rule, established with great justice and tenderness in the law of England, is fully recognized and acted on in Courts of Equity, that no person shall be obliged to discover what may tend, to subject him to a penalty or punishment, or to that which is in the nature of a penalty or punishment. Harrison vs. Southcote, 2 Ves. 394.

In Williams vs. Hannington, (3 Bro. C. C. 35,) the Lord Chancellor held, not only that answers would not be required, which would subject a party to a penalty or forfeiture or punishment for crime, or which would tend thereto ; but that the defendant need not plead or demur to the bill, but upon exceptions to the answer he might insist he was not liable. See, also, as to the right of the party to object to discovery in a matter tending to criminate him, or expose him to penalties, &c. Glynn vs. Houston, 1 Keen, 329. United States vs. Twenty-eight Packages, Gilpin, 306. Bishop of London vs. Fytche, 1 Bro. C. C. 97, and note. Wigram on Discovery, Prop. 2,1 Amer. Ed. 82, et seq. 2 Stor. Eq. Jur. ch. 42, §1494, and note, and numerous cases there cited.

By reference.to the Act of 1847, it will be perceived that the answers to the interrogatories required to be given, are “to the same purpose and extent, and upon the same condition, in all respects, as if the same had been procured upon a bill in Chancery for discovery, but no farther or otherwise.”

[4.] Nor is it any proper justification, in the opinion of this Court, to compel the party to make discovery which would inevitably tend to criminate him, that the answers had already been, taken and filed, and that the contents might be proven by the attorney of the opposite party, or any one else who had read them. The party called on to answer, under this Act, may refuse to do so, and risk the consequences, or else he may answer under protest as to the legality of the testimony, and insist upon his objections on the trial. By pursuing the latter course, as was done in the present case, he waives no legal right; and should his objec *372 tions be sustained, tbe eyidence thus extorted will be rejected at the hearing. Nor will it be competent to allow its contents to be proven by others. It would be oppressive in the extreme, to extort illegal evidence, upon an ex parte application and under menace of attachment; or, if he be the defendant in the action, under the penalty of having his plea set aside and judgment given against him by default; or, if the plaintiff, his suit dismissed with cost; and yet on the trial to permit him to be prejudiced for having obeyed the mandate pf the Judge ordering him .to answer. A practice hire this cannot be warranted by the Statute, and is contrary, as we have seen from the case in Brown’s Reports, to analogous proceedings in Equity.

It is argued, that the exemption of the witness is a personal privilege, apd capnot be claimed for him by his counsel; but Marshall protested, in person, against answering the interrogatories, apd this ig a sufficient reply to the suggestion, even if it were Well founded ip law,

It is farther insisted, that if the prosecution to which the party is exposed, is barred by lapse of time, that the privilege ceases and he is bound to apswer ; and the record shows, that more than ten years had elapsed from the date of the note which was taken as U fee, to the order requiring the plaintiff to answer; and it is admitted thqt two years is the statutory bar for a misdemeanor like this.

"We recognise this principle. In Williams vs. Farrington, already cited, it was held, that inasmuch as the time for suing the penalty had expired at the time of the answer being put in, the defendant was liable to answer. See, also, Corp. Trin. House, vs. Burge, 2 Sim. 411, Davis vs. Reid, 5 Sim. 443 Star. Eq. Pl. ch. 11, §598. But no such question as this has been made and adjudicated ip the Court below. The proof was allowed for the reason, that the answers being filed, their contents might be testified to by the attorney of the opposite party, or any one else who had seep and read them, and that consequently a decision excusing the party from, being examined, would do him no good,

But there is another and perhaps a more satisfactory- answer to this position, which is this: The Statute of Limitations in criminal cases ip Georgia, does not run in favor of an offender who absconds from the State, or so conceals himself that he cannot be arrested, Prince, 663. Nor does it extend to cases where the *373 offender is unknown. Pamp. Law of 1838, p. 166. And while it would be dangerous to assume that this particular case, or any other, did not fall within these exceptions, it would be inconvenient, if not totally impracticable, to go into these collateral issues upon a question as to the competency or admissibility of testimony. ¥e cannot do otherwise, therefore, than send the case back for an oth er trial.

Let the judgment be reversed and the cause remanded.