Wynn v. Booker

By the Court.

Benning, J.

delivering the opinion.

The first section of the Act of 1843, amendatory of the limitation Acts, is as follows: “ That whenever any case now or hereafter pending in any of the Courts of thjs State, either at law or in equity, commenced within the time limited by law, shall be discontinued, dismissed, or the plaintiff therein become non-suited, and the plaintiff’s claim may be barred during the pending thereof, by any law now in force in this State, the plaintiff may at any time within six months from such termination of the case, and not after, renew or recommence the same, in any Court having jurisdiction thereof in this State, any law, usage or custom, to the contrary, notwithstanding: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall ■be construed so as to authorize the renewal of any case after a second discontinuance, dismissal or non-suit.” Cobb’s Dig. 569.

In the present case, the question-ds, whether the time at which the suit was recommenced was within six months from the time when the first suit was terminated.

This question manifestly depends upon this other one — at what time did the first suit terminate ?

As soon as the declaration in a case is filed, the suit is commenced. Cobb’s Dig. 474.

The period intervening between the time of the filing of *361 the declaration, and twenty days next before the Court to which the suit is returnable, is the period within, which,the Clerk may annex a process to the declaration.

Suppose the Clerk fails to annex a process to the declaration within that period, does the suit, at the instant of the expiration of the period, become of itself null and void, and thus at that instant, terminate ?

The eighth section of the Judiciary Act of 1799, does not say so. It merely says, that all “process” issued and returned in any other manner, than that which it prescribes, shall be void. Pr. Dig. 421. And it does not follow as a general principle, that the voidness of a process in a valid suit, necéssarily renders the suit itself, void. The general rule in such case is, that the suit itself remains unaffected, awaiting an amendment of the.defect, in respect to the process. This is the general rule. It is true, that the Courts of this State, have deduced a different rule from the said eighth section of the Judiciary Act of 1799. Little vs. Ingram et al. 16 Ga. Rep. 195 .

But the rule which those Courts have deduced from that section, has not gone further than to say, that the voidness of of process is a ground for dismissing the suit, and for dismissing the suit at any stage of it. The rule has not gone so far as to say, that voidness of process, ipso facto, renders the suit void. No decision, I think, has gone the length of saying that the voidness of the original process renders the suit void.

If a suit is a void suit, that is to say, is no suit at all, the subpoenas in it, the interrogatories in it, the oaths in it of parties and witnesses, the costs in it, the attorneys fees in it, the interlocutory orders in it, the ca. sas,. and the fi.fas., and the writs of error in it, must be void also; all must be void. But no decision, I think, has ever gone the length, of saying, that the voidness of the original process, ipso facto, made all these void.

*362 The decisions of this Court have gone no further than to say, that the defect with respect to process is an incurable one, and therefore, one for which a Court is bound to dismiss the suit. The decisions of the Court have not said, that this defect, per se, made the suit stand dismissed. Little vs Ingram et al. Supra. Beall vs. Blake, 13 Ga. R. 218; 17 Ga. R.

And, I must sayTor myself, that I doubt extremely, whether the Court in going as far as it has gone, has not gone, by much, too far. The very section of the Judiciary Act next to this eighth section, has in it, these words: “And no petition, answer, return, process, judgment, or other proceeding, in any civil cause, shall be abated, arrested, quashed or reversed, for any defect in matter of form, or for any clerical mistake, or omission, not affecting the real merits of the cause; but the Court, on motion, shall cause the same to be amended, without any additional cost at the first Term, and shall proceed to give judgment according to the right of the cause, and matter of law, as it shall appear to the said Court, without regard to such imperfections in matter of form, clerical mistake, or omission.”

Now, what is the failure to annex a process to a declaration, but a “clerical” “omission not affecting the real merits of the case ?”

By the common law, process had to be issued, and served, before the declaration could be filed. The declaration was not served by the Sheriff at all.

By the said eighth section of the Judiciary Act of 1799, things have been reversed: the declaration has to be first filed, then the Clerk has to “ annex” a process to it, and then the Sheriff has to serve both declaration and process on the defendant at the same time, and then he has to return them thus served to Court.

The section closes itself in these words: “And all process issued and returned in any other manner than that hereto *363 fore directed, shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, null and void.”

Now if process should be issued and returned in the old manner — that is by itself.\ and before the filing and service of the declaration, it would be issued and returned in a manner different from that prescribed by the section, for it would be issued without being annexed to the petition; would be served without the accompanyiag service of the petition; and would be returned without the accompanying return of the petition.

And did these closing words of the section, mean to say anything more, than that, if process should be issued and returned in this manner, such process should be null and void ? I doubt it extremely.

Does not the above quoted part of the ninth section give me warrant for my doubt ? I think it does.

And then, is not the Act of .1818, to amend this very Judiciary Act, sufficient to carry this doubt almost, if not quite, into a certainty ? I think so. The preamble and the first section of the Act of 1818, axe as follows:

“ Whereas, the said Judiciary was intended for the purpose of bringing parties litigant to a speedy judicial decision, without delay, and with as little costs as practicable, and it was thereby intended, that the small omissions of parties, Clerks or Sheriffs, not affecting the real merits of the cause should in all cases (substantially set out,) be amended on motion, without delay or costs, and it having grown into practice in said Courts, to give or grant a term, and sometimes non-suit, for the smallest omissions of the officers of the'said Courts, and as a furtherincrea.se of the said practice, may lead us back to all that tedious and expensive labarynth of special pleadings, which the said Judiciary intended to avoid:

“ Sec. 1. Be it enacted, &s'c. That in every case where there is a good and legal cause of action, plainly and distinctly set forth in the petition, and there is in substance a copy served on the defendant or defendants, or left at their *364 most notorious place of abode; every other objection shall be on motion amended without delay or additional costs.” Pr. Dig. 442.

If there is a good cause of action set out in the petition, and a copy, in substance, of the petition, (not petition and process,) served on the defendant, every other objection shall be amended without delay, or costs. This is the statute.

And must not all objections, that are objections concerning process, be objections, “ other,” than those that are objections concerning the sufficiency of the cause of action stated in the petition, or objection concerning the sufficiency of the service of the petition. Surely it does seem so. But if so, then the statute says that such objections arc instantly amendable.

I cannot help deeply doubting the correctness of the decisions to which I have referred, participating though I did in some of them.

However, none of those decisions is that the nullity of the process, ipso facto, renders the suit itself a mere nullity. On the contrary, they are all decisions in which it was held, that the nullity of the process is a cause to authorize# Court to dismiss the suit. And this would seem to imply, that such nullity of process, is not a cause, which of itself “ renders the suit .void; for if it were such cause, then a judgment of a Court declaring the suit void, would be superfluous. The Courtis not disposed to go further than any decision has yet gone.

Consequently, we think that the suit in the present case, did not come to a termination the moment the time expired, within which the Clerk might have annexed a process to the petition. We think that the suit did not come to a termination, until tho Court, on the motion of the defendant in the suit, dismissed it.

This suit was commenced within six months from the time when that was dismissed. We think therefore, that it -was commenced in season; consequently we reverse the judgment of the Court below.

Judgment reversed.