Wiley v. State

ROSS, J.

(After Stating the Pacts as Above). — The complaint as to the admission of evidence is without merit and will not be noticed. The court instructed the jury upon the theory that appellants, and each of them, might be found guilty under the facts as above detailed, of murder in the first degree, or murder in the second degree, or voluntary or involuntary manslaughter. The question is, Did the court give the law applicable to the facts, or did he misdirect the jury or fail to direct them as to, the. law pertinent to the facts of the case?

Giving our attention to the particular facts of this case for the moment, we find the appellants were officers of the law, specially clothed with the power and duty to run down and apprehend criminals and persons charged with and suspected of committing crimes. Two of them were deputy sheriffs of Pima county, and the other was a policeman of the city of Tucson. They had received information that a felony had been committed at a place where but a short time before a circus performance had taken place; a woman had been beaten and robbed of jewelry valued at $2,000. In going to the scene of the crime for the purpose of investigating the charge, and to search out and arrest the perpetrator of the crime, the appellants, it will be conceded by all, were in the performance of a legal duty. They had no warrant, nor was *353 one necessary under the law before they could make an arrest of any person if they had reasonable cause to believe he had robbed and beaten the woman. Section 854 of the Penal Code provides, among other things:

“A peace officer . . . may, without a warrant, arrest a person: ... (5) At night, when there is a reasonable cause to believe that he has committed a felony.”

This section of the statute is a practical restatement of the common-law authority of a peace officer.

SHAW, C. J., in Commonwealth v. Carey, 12 Cush. (Mass.) 246-251, states the rule correctly, as we believe, as follows:

“If a constable or other peace officer arrest a person without a warrant, he is not bound to show in his justification a felony actually committed, to render the arrest lawful; but if he suspects one on his own knowledge of facts, or on facts communicated to him by others, and thereupon he has reasonable ground to believe that the accused has been guilty of felony, the arrest is not unlawful.” Commonwealth v. Phelps, 209 Mass. 396 , Ann. Cas. 1912B, 570, 95 N. E. 868 .

Indeed, it has always been the law, where not restricted by statute, that a peace officer could, without a warrant, make an arrest of a person committing or attempting to commit a crime in his presence, or of a person who had committed a felony out of his presence, or one who, though guilty of no crime, he had reasonable cause to believe guilty of a felony. 2 R. C. L. 446; 5 C. J. 399; Harness v. Steele, 159 Ind. 286 , 64 N. E. 875 ; State v. Evans, 161 Mo. 95 , 84 Am. St. Rep. 669 , and note 684, 61 S. W. 590 .

Before the appellants could forcibly stop the Bates car, however, the surrounding facts and circumstances must have been such as to induce, in the mind of a reasonably cautious and prudent person, the belief or well-founded suspicion that the occupants of the car had committed a felony, or, as stated by SHAW, C. J., in Bacon v. Towne, 4 Cush. (Mass.) 217:

“There must be such a state of facts as would lead a man of ordinary care and prudence to believe, or entertain an honest and strong suspicion, that the person is guilty.”

The statément of the crime committed at Pastime Park, while definite and certain in its character of a felony, did not name or describe the person accused of committing it, nor state whether he had fled from the scene of the crime or not. The sole and only reason the appellants had to suspect the *354 occupants of the Bates car was the fact that the appellants, as they state, believed the car was coming toward them and suddenly turned, and, when overtaken, refused to stop when spoken to. That neither Captain Bates nor the deceased heard the appellants’ outcries is quite certain; and that it was not possible for them to hear the outcries, both cars going at the rate of approximately 25 miles an hour, with the mufflers on them both wide open, should have been realized by the appellants. If the Bateses had heard their outcries and refused to stop, no inference of guilt could have been reasonably drawn therefrom, as the situation was more suggestive of a holdup by highwaymen than an arrest by peace officers. “The wicked flee when no man pursueth” could not be said of them, for they had committed no wrong. However, we are satisfied that an ordinarily prudent man would.have perceived the impossibility of the outcries made by appellants being heard by the occupants of the Bates car, under the circumstances. The Bateses were not fleeing from appellants, and slight reflection upon appellants’ part, it seems, would have suggested that the Bateses might have been peaceable and respectable people traveling for a legitimate purpose on the public highways. We do not think that ordinary care and prudence would have dictated the course pursued by the appellants.

There is no dispute as to the facts in this case, and as to whether they constitute reasonable or probable cause is a question of law for the determination of the court (People v. Kil vington, 104 Cal. 86 , 43 Am. St. Rep. 73 , 37 Pac. 799 ); and we are satisfied that no reasonably prudent or cautious man would have shot at the moving car occupied by the Bateses in the manner the appellants did. The means used, therefore, by the appellants for the purpose of .stopping the Bates car were unlawful; the act of trying to stop the ear by shooting at it was an unlawful act. Captain Bates and the deceased, having committed no crime, were entitled to proceed on their way without interruption or molestation, to their destination, and no person or officer could forcibly interfere with their movements without violating the law: What the appellant Johns actually did was to shoot at the car in such a reckless and heedless manner as to kill one of the occupants and arrest the further progress of the other one. The personal liberty of both Captain Bates and the deceased was *355 violated. Section 205, Penal Code. When a false imprisonment is effected by violence or menace, under our statute, it is a felony. Section 206, Penal Code. The means used by the appellants to effect their purpose of stopping the Bates car were of the most violent and threatening hind, so dangerous and lethal, in fact, as to cause the death of Mrs. Bates.

The extent of the power of an officer to arrest on mere suspicion is well stated by HOBSON, J., in Petrie v. Cartwright, 114 Ky. 103 , 102 Am. St. Rep. 274 , 59 L. R. A. 720, 70 S. W. 297 , and we quote his words with entire approval:

“We have been unable to find any common-law authority justifying an officer in killing a person sought to be arrested, who fled from him, where the officer acted upon suspicion, and no felony had in fact been committed. The common-law rule allowing an officer to kill a felon in order to arrest him rests upon the idea that felons ought not to be at large, and that the life of a felon has been forfeited; for felonies at common law were punishable by death. But where no felony has been committed, the reason of the rule does not apply, and it seems to us that the saeredness of human life and the danger of abuse do not permit an extension of the common-law rule to cases of suspected felonies. To do so would be to bring many eases of misdemeanor within the rule, for in a large per cent of these cases the officer could show that he had reasons to suspect the commission of a felony, and it would be left entirely with him to say whether he was proceeding against the defendant for a misdemeanor or for a felony. The notion that a peace officer may in all cases shoot one who flees from him when about to be arrested is unfounded. Officers have no such, power, except in eases of felony, and there as a last resort, after all other means have failed. It is never allowed where the offense is only a misdemeanor, and where there is only a suspicion of felony the officer is not warranted in treating the fugitive as a felon If he does this, he does so at his peril, and is liable if it turns out that he is mistaken. He may lawfully arrest upon a suspicion of felony, but he is only warranted in using such force in making the arrest as is allowable in other cases not felonious, unless the offense was in fact a felony.”

That the person who fired the fatal shot is guilty of felonious homicide is quite clear, and we are only concerned in determining its degree.

*356 ■ Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice' aforethought. It is first degree murder when perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any other •kind of willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing, or when committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or mayhem; and all other kinds of murder are of the second degree. Section 172, Penal Code.

. •■ • Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice, and, when committed upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion, is designated voluntary. If it is perpetrated in the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to felony, or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection, it is known as involuntary. Section 175, Penal Code. ■

Under certain circumstances, the law justifies or excuses a homicide (sections 178-180, Penal Code), but never where the person who commits-it was himself at the time violating some law.

■ It is clear that the facts in this case do not bring it within the definition of first-degree murder, and it is quite as apparent that-there are no mitigating circumstances reducing ■the killing to manslaughter. To constitute murder in the second degree, it is necessary that the killing should have been •done with malice aforethought, as much so as a murder of the first degree; and this malice may be either express or implied. As was said in Bennett v. State, 15 Ariz. 58 -62, 136 Pac. 276, 277 , quoting from Wharton on Criminal Law:

“Malice, in law, does not necessarily mean hate, ill will, or malevolence, but consists in any unlawful act, willfully done, ■without just excuse or legal occasion, to the injury of an■other person. It may properly be said not to be a thing or entity, but rather a mental state or condition prompting the doing of an overt act without legal excuse or justification, ■from which act another suffers injury. Where the act is done with the deliberate intention of doing bodily harm to •another, it is called express malice; otherwise the malice is inferred or presumed from the act. Evil intent is legal malice ; so, also, is gross and culpable negligence whereby another .suffers injury;” ■

*357 It seems to be well settled that where one, while committing a felony, kills another, even though it was unintentional and was by accident, the law supplies the malice necessary to constitute it murder in the second degree.

In an early ease in California (People v. Doyell, 48 Cal. 85 ) it was said:

“To establish the malice aforethought, however, the specific intent to kill need not be proved. To constitute a crime, there must be a joint operation of act and intention. But the common law measures an act which is malum in se substantially by the result produced, though not contemplated; holding the doer of the act guilty of the thing done in the same manner as if it were specially intended, though not always guilty of the crime committed in the same degree. People v. Foren, 25 Cal. 365 . Whenever one, in doing an act with the design of committing a felony, takes the life of another, even accidentally, this is murder. Acts of 1850, p. 220, § 25; 2 Bish. Cr. L. 741. In such homicides the law superadds the intent to kill to the original felonious intent, and estops the criminal from denying the further intent thus imputed. The thing done, having proceeded from a corrupt mind, is to be viewed the same, whether the corruption is of one particular form or another. Ruth. Inst., c. 18, § 9; 1 Bish. Cr. L. 411.”

Bishop, from the adjudicated cases, epitomizes the rule as follows:

“If an act is unlawful or is such as duty does not demand, and of a tendency directly dangerous to life, the destruction of life by it however unintended, will be murder. But if the act, though dangerous, is not directly so, yet sufficiently to come under the condemnation of the law, and death unintended results from it, the homicide is manslaughter; or if it is of a nature to be lawful properly performed, and it is performed improperly, and death comes from it unexpectedly, this also is manslaughter.” 2 Bishop’s Criminal Law, §-689.

Our statute, in effect, has said:

“The killing of a human being, unless it be murder in the first degree, or manslaughter or excusable or justifiable homicide, shall be murder in the second degree when perpetrated-intentionally, but without deliberation and premeditation.”

In a note to Whiteford v. Commonwealth, 6 Rand. (Va.) 721, 18 Am. Dec. 771 -786, it is said:

*358 “In those states where all murder not of the first degree is declared to be of the second, the definition of the former degree defines the latter. And, in general, it may be laid down that any killing done maliciously, but without deliberation or premeditation, and not by any of the specified methods or in the commission of the enumerated felonies, is murder of the second degree.”

As heretofore stated, appellant Johns fired the shot that killed the deceased, and in doing so, under the circumstances, he at least was guilty of murder in the second degree; but under no aspect of the case was he guilty of murder in the first degree, and the court, in advising the jury that he might be found guilty of the highest degree of homicide, committed error. Since the verdict of the jury is fully supported by the facts and the law, the misdirection does not prejudice the rights of the appellant Johns, and, that being so, his complaint is without merit.

A consideration of the evidence and the law convinces us that the conviction of the appellants Wiley and Salazar was not warranted. While it is shown that they were co-operating with Johns to stop the Bates car, there is no evidence of a previous understanding or agreement which would constitute conspiracy and make the act of one the act of all. The effort to stop the Bates car did not become unlawful until the appellants began shooting at it for the purpose of puncturing a tire thereof, and what took place thereafter was not the result of a mutual understanding or agreement, but was the spontaneous and individual acts of the appellants in what they might have conceived to be an emergency. The act of Salazar in shooting in the direction of the car, with the intention of puncturing a tire, was unlawful and would subject him to a prosecution for the crime of assault with a deadly weapon; yet, having no intention to take life, he could not, under the circumstances, be charged with a homicide committed by Johns. Acting as he did, sua sponte, he is amenable for the result of his own act, as Johns is amenable for the result of his act. There is a dispute in the evidence as to whether Wiley discharged his pistol in the direction of the Bates car or not. Captain Bates testified that he saw three flashes in his direction immediately after the first shot. Wiley’s testimony is that he shot into the air and in the opposite direction from the Bates car. If his story is true,- what *359 he did was not unlawful; but if he shot at the Bates ear he is equally responsible with Salazar, the evidence disclosing no conspiracy. It will not do to say that the carelessness of one was the carelessness of all simply because they were together. While our statute makes all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether it be a felony or a misdemeanor, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense or aid and abet in its commission, principals in .the crime so committed (section 27, Penal Code), we are persuaded that before Wiley and Salazar could be held responsible for the act of Johns they, together with Johns, in the circumstances, must have actually intended to take life. They not having inflicted the wound, nor, as we shall see, aided and abetted Johns in firing the fatal shot, may not be charged with what they did not do and what Johns did. Wiley and Salazar did not discharge their pistols until after Johns had fired twice in the direction of the Bates car. It was the first shot fired by Johns that killed the deceased. The act for which the appellants are being tried was accomplished by that one shot. It is not shown that Wiley and Salazar advised and encouraged the commission of this act by Johns, and it cannot be said that the shooting by them, after the homicide had been committed by'Johns, in any way aided and abetted the latter in the commission of the homicide.

In the case of Walker v. State, 29 Tex. App. 621, 16 S. W. 548 , the defendant was indicted as a principal in a murder charge:

“The evidence showed that . . . the defendant was engaged in taking home a man who was very much intoxicated; that, while they were traversing a narrow street crossing, deceased attempted to pass them from behind, but in doing so slipped and fell against defendant’s companion, who thereupon drew his pistol and shot him; and that defendant, who was in advance, turned upon hearing the pistol shot, and struck deceased with his fist, knocking him down. It was not shown, however, that defendant knew of his companion’s intention to take the other’s life; and it was not contended that his blow added anything to the fatality of the pistol wound.” (Syllabus.)

The court, commenting upon the state of facts, said:

*360 “To make him guilty, he must have acted with Shearrar in taking the life of deceased. Did he do so ? The fatal shot which took his life was fired before this defendant took any part in the matter. There is no evidence that he knew that Shearrar intended to take the life of the deceased. All the evidence shows that the transaction occurred unexpectedly and suddenly, under circumstances which could not have been anticipated by any of the parties. . . . Defendant, if he struck the deceased at all, did not strike him until after he had been fatally shot; and it is not contended that his blow added to the degree or fatality of the wound inflicted upon him by Shearrer’s pistol shot.”

It is not shown that any of the appellants intended to take life. The wrong that was committed doubtless grew out of a misconception on their part as to the extent of their powers and rights in acting as officers. The belief is tog common among some peace officers that they are clothed with the power of life and death, to be exercised without caution or restraint whilé acting as purveyors of the peace. This false and dangerous belief by the appellants that they were exercising a right given them by the law doubtless accounts for the dreadful and fatal mistake resulting in the death of Mrs. Bates. We do not think, however, that the malice aforethought the law imputes to the act of Johns should also be imputed to those who happened to be with him, but who did not contribute to the killing. If every member of a posse should be made criminally responsible for the wrongful act of every other member, it would be extremely unsafe for peace officers, in a body, to pursue and arrest persons charged with or suspected of crime. In this instance, if all of the appellants had been shooting to kill, and one of them had inflicted the fatal wound, there would have appeared a common design and a co-ordination in its accomplishment that would doubtless make each responsible for the act of the other; but there being an absence of intention to take life, and no evil intent except the one imputed by law to the actual perpetrator of the homicide, we think, under the law, the other members of the party should be held responsible only to the extent of their individual criminal conduct, and that the superadded intent by construction of law should not be imputed to them.

The information in this ease does not set forth the means used in the commission of the offense charged against the *361 appellants. Its allegations, therefore, are not broad enough to cover the offense of assault with a deadly weapon as might have been had the means used in the commission of the homicide been described in the information. We are limited, then, to reversing the case as to Wiley and Salazar, with directions to the lower court to dismiss as to them. The errors complained of by appellant Johns, as we have seen, were not prejudicial to his rights, and the judgment of conviction is accordingly affirmed.

FRANKLIN, O. J., and CUNNINGHAM, J., concur.