Wright v. Paine

BRICKELL, C. J.

“ In the ordinary cases of deposits of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan or mutuum, or irregular deposit, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded.” — Story on Bailments, § 80; Wray v. Tuskegee Ins. Co., 34 Ala. 58 . It is insisted for the appellant, there is a distinction betwoen a deposit with banks or bankers, and with an individual not engaged in banking. While a deposit with the one, not expressed, or shown by circumstances to have been a special •deposit, will from the nature and character of the business of the depositary, and its usual course, be regarded as general, creating the relation of debtor and creditor — a deposit with the other will be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, as special, creating only the relation of bailor and bailee. The authority which is relied on to support the proposition, does not seem to assert it so broadly. The evidence of the deposit in that case, and of the agreement between the parties, was verbal, and it was shown that they stood in the relation of employer and over-, seer, the latter depositing bank notes with the former for safe-keeping. The relation of the parties, the expressed purpose of the deposit, the fact that the depositary was not engaged in any commercial business, were circumstances which the court held were proper for the consideration of the jury, in determining whether the deposit was general or special. — Duncan v. Magette, 25 Texas, 246 . Beyond this we do not understand the decision to extend, and to this extent it is consistent with our own case of Derrick v. Baker, 9 Port. 362 . But neither case asserts that the character of business in which the depositary may be engaged, necessarily determines the character of the deposit.

*343 Contracts, verbal or written, are interpreted in the light of the circumstances surrounding the parties, and their relations to each other when they are formed. These circumstances and relations, often aid materially in ascertaining the intention of the parties, and when the character of the contract is uncertain, when its expressions are inapt, may enable the court more satisfactorily to determine what are the obligations it imposes or the rights it confers. If there was nothing more in a transaction resting entirely in parol, than that a farmer, having money, should deposit with a neighbor engaged in the like and no other pursuit, or in no business requiring the frequent use of money, and the deposit was expressed to be for safe-keeping, the jury within whose province it would lie to determine whether the deposit was general or special, would probably conclude that it was special, that the purpose of the depositor was the safe-keeping of the money, and the duty and liability of the depositary was to keep safely. But if the depositary was a merchant, whose business required the frequent use of money, and he was in the habit of receiving money on deposit, there would be more hesitation in pronouncing the deposit special — that the depositary could not use the money — that the title to it remained in the depositor, and if it was lost, he must bear the loss, unless fraud or gross negligence could be imputed to the depositary.

The transaction between these parties does not rest in parol — the contracts are in writing, and if the circumstances under which they were made, the relations then existing between the parties, or any other extrinsic fact which could properly be considered, would aid in determining the character of the contracts, no evidence has been given of them. The construction they must bear, depends wholly on the-terms in which they are expressed.

The first in point of time, expresses a deposit of a certain sum in gold, and that the purpose is for safe-keeping, and that it is to be returned whenever called for. The gold is not shown to have been in a sealed package, in a bag, or in a box or chest, nor marked so as to be capable of being separated from other like coin, and of identification, nor is the character or denomination of the coin stated. The promise is unconditional, .to return it whenever called for — there is no contingency provided by the contract, in which obedience to this promise can be excused. If the transaction was with a bank, banker, or a dealer in money, or with a merchant, or other person engaged in business requiring the frequent use of money, and in the habit of receiving money on deposit, the presumption would be, probably, that the writing im *344 plied a general, not a special deposit. Such a deposit would be most advantageous to the depositor — the gold would cease to be his property, and if lost by any casualty, whatever may have been the diligence of the depositary, the obligation to repay it in kind would be absolute. The presumption would also be consistent with the course and usages of business.— Dawson v. Real Estate Bank, 4 Pike (Ark.), 297; Foster v. Essex Bank, 17 Mass. 477 ; Conn. Bank v. Hughes, 17 Wend. 94 . The writing expressing that the purpose of the deposit was safe-keeping, would scarcely be sufficient to repel the presumption. But we are without the aid of evidence of the character of the business in which the depositary was engaged, or of any éxtrinsie fact which would aid in the construction of the writing. Every clause and word of a contract, must have assigned to it some meaning, if possible, and it is not to be presumed parties have deliberately or carelessly employed idle, unnecessary, or unmeaning words and expressions. Construing the instrument by its words alone, we conclude that the safe-lceeping of the gold was the purpose of the deposit, and the duty imposed was safely to keep, and to return in individuo when demanded. The deposit was therefore special, not general.

The other writing is in form of a receipt, and expresses the gold is payable on demand. The only duty imposed is the payment on demand. There is. not, as in the former writing, -an express agreement to keep safely, nor any words which are inconsistent with a loan, payable on request. That the money is stated to be received on deposit, was, most probably, intended to indicate that it was not a loan bearing interest. Giving due significance to all the words of the writing, and that its terms import a payment, not a return of the identical money, the contract is not a bailment, but a loan of money, payable presently or on request — a written promise for the payment of a certain sum of money, absolutely and unconditionally, imposing no other duty or obligation than payment, is a promissory note.— Woolfolk v. Leslie, 2 Nott & Me. 575. A promissory note, or other writing for the payment of money on request, or presently, or on demand, 'is subject to the statute of limitations, and the bar of the statute is computed, not from the day of demand, but from the date of the note or writing. — Ang. Lim. § 95 ; Owen v. Henderson, 7 Ala. 641; McDonnell v. Br. Bank, 20 Ala. 312 ; Kimbro v. Waller, 21 Ala. 376 . In all its material features, the writing we are construing is not distinguishable, in legal effect, from that which was considered in Oiuen v. Henderson, supra, and held from the day of its date, within the operation of the statute of limitations. Adhering to that decision, *345 we must pronounce that the action, so far as founded on this instrument, was within the bar of the statute. The oral declarations made by Winston in 1869, if clearly proved, and if regarded as an unqualified admission of an existing liability, embracing the last instrument, which he was willing to pay, would not remove the bar of the statute, or prevent it from attaching subsequently. The bar of the statute can be avoided only by a partial payment made before the bar is complete, or an unconditional promise in writing. — Code of 1870, § 3240.

As to the other instrument, creating the relation of bailor and bailee, and not that of debtor and creditor, it may be conceded that in the absence of circumstances excusing it, a demand, or something equivalent to it, was a condition precedent to an action founded on it. The demand is for the protection of the bailee, and to save him from the vexation of suit when he may not be in default. When a demand is essential, as a condition precedent to an action, it must be made in a reasonable time. The party bound to make it, can not postpone it indefinitely, and by his procrastination keep alive claims that would otherwise become dormant, and grow stale, the enforcement of which would be offensive to the policy of the law and dangerous to the rights of his adversary. In the case of Codman v. Rogers, 10 Pick. 119 , it was said by Wilde, J.: “ Generally, where a debt is payable in money and on demand, the statute of limitations begins to run immediately after the debt is contracted; but if a demand previous to the commencement of an action is necessary, the statute will not begin to run until a demand is made. But in the latter case, there mus.t be some limitation to the right of making a demand. A party must not bo permitted to sleep over his rights, to the prejudice of the party on whom he makes a claim, and who by the delay may be deprived of the evidence and means of effectually defending himself. A demand must be made within a reasonable time; otherwise, the claim is considered stale, and no relief will be granted in a court of equity. What is to be considered a reasonable time for this purpose, does not appear to be settled by any precise rule. It must depend on circumstances. If no cause for delay can be shown, it would seem reasonable to require the demand, to be made within the time limited by the statute for bringing the action. There is the same reason for hastening the demand, that there is for hastening the commencement of the action ; and in both cases the same presumptions arise from delay.” In the case of McDonnell v. Br. Bank, supra, which was an action against the clerk of a court for money collected on a judgment, it *346 was held the action was not maintainable without proof of a demand, or of a conversion, but it was also held, the demand must be made in a reasonable time after the collection, to avoid the operation of the statute of limitations. What 'would be considered a reasonable time, it was said, could not be settled by any definite rule, capable of application to all cases, but must depend upon the circumstances peculiar to each case.

If there be any facts or circumstances which can excuse the long delay of the appellant in commencing suit, and in malting demand for the money, the record does not disclose them. More than seventeen years elapsed after the special deposit, the death of Winston intervening for more than two years certainly, the precise time not appearing, before suit is instituted. More than eleven years, before any demand for its return was shown. It is almost incredible, that the appellant should havé permitted such a sum to remain so long in Winston’s hands, without an effort to reclaim it, or an inquiry as to its safety, especially when there is an absence of any fact indicating any peculiar relation between them, inviting confidence, and the indifference, or security, which it may beget. The demand was made, and nearly six years is permitted to elapse, the death of Winston intervening, before suit is brought, and no explanation of this delay is afforded. It would be a dangerous precedent; it would endanger the estates of the dead; it would render the rights of the living uncertain and insecure; it would open the door for the introduction of stale claims, which it has been well said, have often more of cruelty than justice in them; and it would be violative of the policy of the statute of limitations, and defeat the purposes it was intended to accomplish, if without an explanation of the long delay in making demand, and the unwarrantable delay in bringing suit, after the fruitless demand, until Winston was dead, the statute was held not a bar. The statute is now affirmatory of the principle of these decisions. It declares : “ When a right exists, but a demand is necessary to entitle the' party to an action against any officer, agent, or attorney, the limitation commences from the commission or omission of the act giving the right of action, and not from the demand.” — Code of 1876, § 3241.

The instructions given by the Circuit Court may not have been influenced by these considerations, and it may have erred in its construction of one of the writings. The error has worked no injury to the appellant, for the statute of lim- . itations, under the facts, was, in any aspect of the case, a bar to the action, and this was the substance of the instruc *347 tions given. Whether given for a right or a wrong reason, is not material.

The judgment is affirmed.