Williams v. Miner

Church, Ch. J,

In this declaration there are but two counts, and in both of them the defendant is charged with saying of the plaintiff, that he was a thief. In the second count, it is further alleged, that the plaintiff had stolen hay and hay-seed from Mrs. Doto. The speaking of these words was proved, at two several conversations ; and then the plaintiff offered further proof of three subsequent conversations, in each of which the defendant had made, in substance, a charge of the same import. This was objected to, by the defendant.

As additional grounds of recovery, these after-spoken slanderous words were not proveable ; and so the judge at the circuit ruled ; but he properly admitted them to show the spirit of the defendant in speaking the words already proved — that it was malicious and vindictive.

There has been a strange confusion in the adjudged cases on this subject. If the last words did not in terms refer to the first, they referred to the same transaction, and repeated the charge of the same crime : they were in effect a repetition of the same slander; showing that the same motives which induced the original defamation, were still continued and cherished.

A review of all the cases on this subject, which have fallen under our notice, persuades us, that where the subsequent words impute the same crime, or maybe fairly considered as equivalent to a renewal or repetition of the same defamatory charge as those already proved, they may be admitted as legitimate evidence of the original malice of the speaker; but not as separate grounds of action where there is no additional count to embrace them. And we think the doctrine thus limited, was recognized by this court, in the case of Mix v. Woodward, 12 Conn. R. 262. cited on the other side. See also Lee v. Huson, Peake’s Ca. 166. Rustell v. Macquister, 1 Campb. 49. n. Finnerty v. Tipper, 2 Campb. 72. Macleod v. Wakley, 3 Car. & Pa. 311. (14 E. C. L. 322.) Defries v. Davis, 7 Car. & Pa. 112. (32 E. C. L. 460.) *473 Symmonds v. Blake, 1 Moo. & Rob. 477. Bodwell v. Swan, & ux. 376. Pearce v. Ormsby, 1 Moo. & Rob. 455 . Wallis v. Mease, 3 Binn. 546 . Kean v. McLaughlin, 2 Serg. & Raw. 469. Rosc. Ev. 293. 2 Stark. Slan. 56. 1 Sw. Dig. 488. Stephens N. P. 2577.

2. The defendant offered to prove, that the hay &c. referred to by her, as the subject of the theft imputed, was the joint property of the plaintiff and Mrs. Dow, whose tenant he was, so that, in legal effect, no such crime was committed, and could not have been, as the language used would seem to import; and that the plaintiff, therefore, was not subjected to any danger of prosecution for the crime of theft. This evidence was properly rejected.

If one uses language apparently slanderous, but, at the same time, in the hearing of the same persons, refers to facts and circumstances, which show, that no charge of crime was intended, but only some act, which, though it may even be censurable, the law does not regard as criminal; such facts may be proved as giving the true import of the conversation, and as it was, or ought to have been, understood, by the hearers. But such was not the evidence offered in the present case.

When these words were spoken, no allusion was made to any joint ownership of the property stolen : nor did it appear even, that the defendant knew or believed, such to be its condition ; or that the persons addressed knew any thing on the subject. The charge was unequivocally a charge of theft— so intended and so received. And if it should afterwards appear, that the plaintiff was a joint owner,of the property and so could not have stolen it, this circumstance could not detract aught from the falsehood or malice of the defendant; nor give to her language a harmless meaning; nor allay, in any wise, the injury sustained by the plaintiff. Carter v. Andrews, 16 Pick. 1 . Stone v. Clark, 21 Pick. 51 . Phillips v. Barber, 7 Wend. 439 . Tempest v. Chambers, 1 Stark Ca. 67. Power v. Price, 16 Wend. 450 . Kennedy v. Gifford, 19 Wend. 296 . Tomlinson v. Brittlebank, 4 B. & Adol. 628. (24 E. C. L. 128.)

3. The defendant also claimed, that the testimony of Bet-sey Walden and Russell Bogue did not sustain the allegations *474 descriptive of the words spoken in either count in the declaration.

The testimony of both these witnesses proves, very distinctly, a charge of theft — the stealing of hay and hay-seed from Mrs. Dow. And although their testimony is more amplified and circumstantial than the pleadings, it is not variant from them ; but, on the contrary, proves essentially, and in some particulars, almost literally, the averments in the declaration. The law does not require literal proof of the words as given in the declaration, but only proof of words of the same sense and import. The witness will not be permitted to give merely his construction of the language used, or the impression which the conversation made upon his mind, without giving the conversation itself. He must state the language used in its connexion with the subject of the conversation, as near as he can recollect it; and if this does not differ, in its essential meaning, from the words alleged in the declaration, though it may in the forms of expression, it will sufficiently support the averment. There is nothing more difficult than for a witness to recollect the exact language used by another ; and to require this, would be to defeat recoveries in actions for verbal slander, in almost every instance. All rules of law should be such as may have a convenient practical effect. Miller v. Miller, 8 Johns. R. 74. Kennedy v. Lowry, 1 Binn. 393 . Nye v. Otis, 8 Mass. R. 122. Treat v. Browning & ux. 4 Conn. R. 408. Nichols v. Hayes, 13 Conn. R. 156. The judge in the court below was therefore justified, in our opinion, in refusing to charge the jury, in this respect, as the defendant claimed.

4. There is, however, another question in this case, which is not free from difficulties, and has been so regarded by other courts before now. It grows out of the rejection of the deposition of Mrs. Dow.

It will be seen, that in this case, the defendant made no attempt at justification, either by plea or notice, which distinguishes the present from some of the cases cited in the argument ; but for the purpose of disproving malice, and upon the question of damages, to show that she had, when speaking the words, reasonable ground to believe them to be true, she offered this deposition in evidence, which was rejected by the judge.

*475 The facts claimed to be proved by Mrs. Bow’s deposition, were, that the plaintiff took and converted to his own use the hay and hay-seed of Mrs. Dow, without her knowledge and against her consent. This evidence, although it would conduce to prove the truth of the charge of theft, yet unconnected with other circumstances, might, and, as we think, did, fall short of it. The animus furandi was wanting. The facts offered in evidence did not sufficiently prove the felonious intent; nor did the defendant claim it. And yet they did prove, that the property was taken under such circumstances as might and probably did excite reasonable suspicions of guilt, and such as by persons not legally informed, are often supposed to constitute the crime of theft. These facts, the defendant wished to prove. The judge at the circuit, controuled, as he supposed, by opposing authority, rejected the proof of them — not because, in the absence of any plea or notice of justification, they established the truth of the charge of theft, but because they tended to that result, though offered for an entirely different purpose. The correctness of this opinion will be examined briefly.

The question is, as it seems to us, if the defendant used the language imputed to her from a knowledge that the plaintiff had taken the property of Mrs. Dow, in the manner stated, without her knowledge and against her consent, and converted it to his own use, whether she should be subjected to the same extent of damages, as if her charge had been an entire fabrication, and made without reasonable ground for believing it to be true ? Why, upon, general principles, was not this evidence admissible 1

In most actions for torts, as in trespass, assault and battery, false imprisonment, &c. as well as in actions on the case, questions of intention and motive are important as affecting the measure of damages. And they are equally so, in actions of slander ; and have always been so considered. But it is said, that there are certain rules of pleading and evidence known to the common law, which, in cases like the present, will exclude the application of this salutary principle of justice. We recognize and submit to the rule referred to, that the truth of a slanderous charge, either written or spoken, cannot be proved and relied upon, in any action for the defamation of character, either in justification, or in miti *476 gation of damages, unless the truth of the words has been specially pleaded, or notice of justification has been given. To this extent the rule has been slowly and reluctantly brought; but we know of no adjudged case or principle recognized by the courts of this state, which has confined a defendant within more narrow limits. And our opinion in the present case, is not in conflict with this principle.

The defendant here did not offer to justify her charge of theft as a defence, or to prove its truth for any purpose. She admitted her mistake ; and only offered to prove facts falling short of the accusation, and reasonably conducing to show, that she spoke the words bona fide, or without that degree of malice, which otherwise the law might presume against her, and only for the purpose of mitigating damages.

That these are mitigating circumstances, we do not believe will be denied. They have been recognized as such, in many cases. In the case of Sims v. Kinder, 1 Car. & Pa. 279. (11 E. C. L. 393.) Best, C. J. says, “ I am clearly of opinion, that any fact which goes to show that the defendant spoke bona fule, and without malice, is admissible in evidence ; and further, that it is admissible on the general issue.” And in Knobel v. Fuller, Peake’s Ev. 287. the same judge held, that the defendant, on the general issue, may prove in mitigation of damages such facts and circumstances as show a ground of suspicion not amounting to actual proof of guilt. The same principle is recognized, in Earl of Leicester v. Walter, 2 Campb. 251. and in - v. Moore, 1 M. & S. 284. In Root v. King, 7 Cowen 633. the court says, the defendant may show in evidence, by way of excuse, any thing short of a justification, which does not necessarily imply the truth of the charge, or tend to prove it true, but which repels the presumption of malice. And the same court, in Gilman v. Lowell, 8 Wend. 573 . reaffirms the justice of the principle, by saying, that a defendant in an action for words, has two courses before him of shaping his defence. The one is, to justify ; the other is, to show his innocence, either by a total denial, or by showing circumstances which prove his motives to have been innocent. We refer also to Alderman v. French. 1 Pick. 1 . Saunders v. Mills, 6 Bing. 213. (19 E. C. L. 60.) Chalmers v. Shackell, 6 Car. & Pa. 475. *477 (25 E. C. L. 496.) in corroboration of the principle we have stated.

But nowhere has it been more distinctly advanced, than by this court, in the cases of Hyde v. Bailey, 3 Conn. R. 463. and Treat v. Browning, 4 Conn. R. 409. In the first of these cases, the court says, “ It is equally indisputable, that evidence which falls short of a justification, may be competent to mitigate damages ; and that the defendant, on the general issue, may prove, in mitigation of damages, such facts and circumstances as show a ground of suspicion not amounting to actual proof of the guilt of the plaintiff. So if any facts exist, which tend to diminish the presumption of malice, they are competent proof.” Indeed, that a defendant ought in some way to be permitted to avail himself of such mitigating circumstances, is not denied anywhere.

But the claim of the plaintiff is, and he is certainly sustained in this, by several American cases, and by some to which we have referred as recognizing the general principle stated, that if the facts relied upon to diminish the presumption of malice, tend, in any measure, towards proving the truth of the charge, they cannot be proved under the general issue. This distinction is certainly a nice one ; and if not founded in good sense and obfious necessity, and upon some principle from which it would be dangerous to depart, it ought not to be adopted by us. Unnecessary distinctions should be avoided : they tend only to perplex the administration of justice.

It is quite obvious, we think, that, if the mitigating facts objected to, cannot be proved under the general issue, they cannot be proved at all; and a defendant, in such case, must be deprived of his essential rights, without relief. As they do not constitute a full defence or justification, they cannot be pleaded specially as a defence. They cannot be pleaded in mitigation of damages ; for facts affecting the damages merely, and not constituting a defence, can never be specially pleaded. It is intimated, in some of the cases relied upon by the plaintiff, that if the defendant would avail himself of such mitigating circumstances as tend to prove the truth of the charge, he must plead the truth in justification, and then, though he fails of establishing it as a defence, he may have the benefit of these facts in mitigation. But a defendant ought not to be compelled to plead a falsehood, in order to *478 . avail himself of a truth. Such is not the morality of our - law. And it should be remembered also, that it is said in some cases, that if the defendant fail to support his plea of justification, he shall be punished by aggravated damages, even if he has honestly made the attempt!

We are not satisfied, that a defendant should be deprived of the benefit of mitigating circumstances, for no better reason, than that they conduce to prove the truth of the charge, while they fall short of it. We see no sufficient cause why he should not be permitted to prove such facts, as well as any other, showing innocency of motive, and which can only be proved under the general issue. Our convictions on this subject are sustained, by the cases in this court, and in the English courts before cited, as well as by several in our sister states, and in which the distinction aforesaid has not been recognized, but the general principle has been permitted to prevail. 3 Stephens N. P. 2579. 2 Starkie on Slander, 95. in nolis. Williams & ux. v. Mayer & ux. 1 Binn. 92 . in notis. Middleton & ux. v. Calloway, 2 A. K. Marshall's R. 372. Buford v. McLuny, 1 Nott & McCord 268. Beehler v. Steever, 2 Wharton 313 . Wilson v. Apple, 3 Ham. 270. Regden v. Wolcott, 6 Gill & Johns. 413. Henson v. Veach, 1 Blackford 369.

Suppose one is sued in slander, for saying of a mercantile house in the city of New-York, that it had failed and become bankrupt; is it not necessary to the ends of justice, that the defendant in such an action be permitted to prove, that the plaintiff’s bills had been returned protested and were not redeemed, — that his doors were closed, and his business suspended — in the honest belief of which he had spoken the words ; although the affair had turned out to be a mere temporary suspension, and not a failure ? And yet, all these facts upon which the defendant’s bona fide opinion was founded, conduced to prove the truth of the words spoken.

That courts of the highest respectability and authority in this country, have thought differently from us on this subject, we know. We feel the weight of their opinions, while we remain unconvinced by their reasons. These reasons are given by Parker, C. J., in the case of Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 376 . and by the supreme court of the state of NewYork, in Root v. King, 7 Cowen 629. Mapes v. Weeks, 4 *479 Wend. 659 . Gilman v. Lowell, 8 Wend. 573 , Purple v. Horton, 13 Wend. 9 , These reasons are, first, that evidence would answer all the purposes of the defendant, without exposing him to the just consequences of attempting to justify, and failing in the attempt: and secondly, that the notice to the plaintiff of what is intended to be proved, would be withholden. Neither of these reasons, we think, have any force, when applied to a case like the present, in which the truth of the words spoken was not attempted to be proved, for any purpose. The reasons apply only to cases, where the object is, or where the effect would be, to avoid a justification upon the record, while the same result is attempted in a collateral way. Nothing of that character appears here.

In regard to the first reason assigned. This is predicated, we suppose, upon a principle sometimes advanced in actions for defamation of character, and which we do not intend now to deny ; that, if a defendant pleads the truth of the words specially in his defence, and fails to prove it, this is an aggravation of his offence, which calls for aggravated damages against him ! We shall not discuss the propriety of this doctrine ; but we may say, if it be defensible, that we do not consider it of such an essential character as to justify us in sacrificing more important principles for its protection. Nor do we think the second reason assigned, sufficient to justify the doctrine advanced. It is, that if the evidence offered by the defendant may be admitted under the general issue, the plaintiff would not have notice of what the defendant intended to prove. Now, it certainly would be very desirable, if, in all cases, litigant parties should be timely advised of the course intended to be pursued, by their adversaries. And many of the rules of pleading and practice were established to promote this purpose. But, where the question is one of damages merely, and not of defence, it is not known, that any principle of the common law has hitherto required any such notice. Nor do we see any good reason for distinguishing the privileges of plaintiffs in actions of slander, from the rights of parties in other actions, in this particular. If there be any inconveniences peculiar to this action in this respect, the most appropriate remedy will be found in some rule of court adapted to the case.

Another reason has been suggested, in some of the books, *480 which is, that it might be difficult to draw the line, and restrain the evidence of facts tending to throw suspicion on the plaintiff within such limits that it should not produce actual conviction in the minds of the jury. We cannot anticipate such a difficulty as of frequent, or hardly as of possible occurrence, in a case like this, where there is neither plea nor notice of justification. It would be presuming too much upon the credulity of a jury, to suppose they would believe a fact to be either proved or true, which the defendant did not claim to be true, and which, by the record, he has disclaimed the right of proving.

It is not our purpose to review the cases relied upon by the plaintiff, to sustain his objection to the testimony otiered : we only say, that the prominent reasons for the opinions advanced, are not such as to induce us, now for the first time, to incorporate into our law the principle for which the plaintiff here contends. And we think that the facts offered to be proved, by the deposition of Mrs. Dow, should have been admitted, to affect the question of damages in the case, although they had a tendency to prove the truth of the charge.

And for this reason alone, we advise a new trial.

In this opinion the other Judges concurred.

New trial to be granted.