Weston v. Gravlin

The opinion of the court was delivered by Powers, J.

This was an action of trespass on the freehold. On trial it appeared that the.plaintiff was in the possession and occupancy of the house in question, but that he was not the legal owner of the house, and the action was brought to recover the damages to his estate or possession. The defendant was a stran *510 ger to the title. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the defendant broke in three of the windows and window blinds of his house, and defaced the walls of the house, from malicious and revengeful motives.

I. For the purpose of mitigating the exemplary damages that the plaintiff might claim, the defendant offered proof of the reputation of the plaintiff’s house, which was rejected. The.case does not show the respect in which it was claimed the reputation of the house would bear upon the issue or aid the defence. But assuming that it was a bad reputation sought to be proved, the question arises whether such reputation affects the question of exemplary damages.

Bad reputation is the result of alleged bad acts. It is not the acts' themselves, but the stain or history that results from them. By reason of bad acts, the house has come to be reputed a bad house. The offer then was, not to show anything done or attempted on the occasion of the trespass that affected the plaintiff, but that the plaintiff’s house was reputed to be a bad house. The right. to exemplary damages in the discretion of the jury, is founded in the character of the transaction that constitutes the tort. If the trespass complained of is committed in a high-handed or malicious manner, the aggravating manner of doing the act warrants the allowance of those damages. Therefore any con-duct of the plaintiff at the time that may be said to be a part of the res gestae which provokes or induces this wantonness of the defendant, is admissible, as it tends to explain, modify, or mollify the wanton conduct of the defendant.

In Wilson v. Young, 31 Wis. 574 , the rule is thus expressed : “ Exemplary damages depend entirely upon the malice of the defendant, and they may be mitigated by proof of the malicious language or conduct of the plaintiff,' although the same does not constitute any legal justification of the injury itself.” See also Prentiss v. Smith, 56 Me. 427 . But evidence of the conduct of •the plaintiff at other times and on other occasions not related to the transaction in question, is not admissible.” “ If the defendant were permitted to go beyond the transaction that took place at the *511 time of the assault, the jury would be distracted with a multiplicity of questions and issues.” Mathews v. Terry, 10 Conn. 455 . But the bad character of the plaintiff cannot be shown in mitigation of a claim for damages by reason of an assault upon him. Brown v. Gordon, 1 Gray, 182 ; Ross v. Lapham, 14 Mass. 275 ; 1 Waterm. Tresp. 244. The same rule applies in trespass to property. 2 Waterm. Tresp. 525. “ It is no excuse for entering a dwelling and carrying away property, that the plaintiff kept a bawdy house.” Love v. Moynehan, 16 Ill. 277 . “ In an action for breaking and entering the house of the plaintiff, and tearing-off the outer doors, evidence that a family of lewd females lived there and kept a disorderly house, is not admissible in, answer to a claim for exemplary damages.” Perkins v. Towle, 43 N. H. 220.

II. Objection is made that the court gave the jury an erroneous rule in respect to the damages recoverable by the plaintiff. The jury were told that the plaintiff might recover the actual damage to the house. The tenant can only recover such damages as affect his possession and enjoyment of the premises. He cannot ordinarily recover for injuries to the inheritance. For such injuries the reversioner has an action.

But there was nothing shown in this case that the damages suffered were such as affected the reversion. The charge is presumed to have been given in view of and upon the facts that were shown under the respective claims of the parties. The damages disclosed in the exceptions seem to us to be essentially such as went to the injury of the tenant’s estate. The breaking of the windows, defacing the walls, and firing of guns, were direct violations of the tenant’s enjoyment of the house. He would ordi-' narily be required to repair such injuries, in order to make the house habitable.

III. Error is also assigned for that the court refused to adopt the defendant’s third request to charge. The court told the jury that the.plaintiff must prove the trespass against the defendant by a fair preponderance of the evidence. This is the rule in civil, cases, and we do not understand that the rule is to be varied be *512 cause the act complained of might subject the defendant to a criminal prosecution. The law presumes men innocent when charged with crime ; and when charged in a civil case with acts that make them amenable criminally, the same presumption exists, but this does not vary the measure of proof. If the plaintiff overcomes the defendant’s evidence, he overcomes all that the rule requires. This presumption is of no force in such case; or, in other words, it goes down with the defendant’s case.

The request would imply that there was an intermediate rule between civil and criminal cases; but the case of Bradish v. Bliss, 35 Yt. 326, which the defendant relies upon, denies the existence of such rule. It would have been proper for the court to have called the attention of the jury to the fact that this presumption existed, but it is not error to decline to do so. The court is not obliged to answer every request which counsel may make — to argue the case for them. So long as the law is correctly laid down, no legal wrong is done.

Judgment affirmed.