State ex rel. Morehead v. Cartwright

JOHNSON, J.

This is a mandamus proceeding-begun on the fourth day of December, 1905, to compel the defendants, the school directors of public school district No. 18, in township 47, range 20, Pettis county, to establish and maintain a school for children of African descent. An alternative writ was issued on the date *262 mentioned and was duly served on defendants. An amended alternative writ was issued March 5, 1906, and served. A return was filed by defendants on June 18, 1906. Relator replied and a hearing was had which resulted in a judgment in which the action was sustained and a peremptory writ ordered. Prom this judgment defendant appealed.

Relator is a negro, a resident taxpayer of the school district and the parent of children of school age wim are domiciled with him. On May 15, 1905, an enumeration of the school chiklren of that district was filed with the clerk of the county court. It was signed by J. B. Cartwright as district clerk and was verified by him. It was made in the form prescribed by law, showed the presence in the district of twenty-one negro chiklren of school age, was the only enumeration filed that year and was the basis of the apportionment of funds made by the county court to that district. In August following, relator and other negro parents living in the district requested the school board to establish a school for colored children, but were put off and, becoming dissatisfied, brought this suit. The hearing of the case was delayed until after the time fixed by la*w for the enumeration of school children for the year 1906. In the meantime, the board appointed J. L. Cartwright district clerk and he took the enumeration for 1906, signed and verified it and filed it with the county clerk. It contained the names of only ten negro chiklren of school age in the district.

Defendants then filed their return to the alternative writ of mandamus in which they denied that any legal enumeration was filed for the year 1905, or that anyone authorized by the board had taken an enumeration for that year and alleged that the enumeration for the year 1906, taken by J. L. Cartwright, was authorized by the hoard and, as it showed only ten colored children in the district, the action should fail, as this was a less number than that required by law to entitle the colored *263 people to a school. In his reply, relator alleged that the enumeration for 1906 is Amid because it Avas fraudulently taken for the purpose of defeating this action and that its recitals respecting the colored children Avere false, and ltnoAA’n by defendants and their enumerator to be false at the time they Avere made.

Section 9775, Revised Statutes 1899, provides that, “When there are Avithin any school district in this State fifteen or more colored children of school age, as shown Try the last enumeration, the school board of such school district shall be and they are hereby authorized and required to establish and maintain Avithin such school district a separate free school for said colored children,” etc. When relator requested defendants to establish the school, as well as Avhen this suit avus brought, the enumeration for the year 1905 should luive been taken and filed Avith the county clerk and, if taken, Avould have been the last one on file at that time. [R. S. 1899, sec. 9770.] Therefore, the initial question for consideration is Avhetlier the defendants, as a school board, obeyed the mandate of the statute by taking or causing to be taken and filed a correct and lawful enumeration for the year 1905. The records of the school board contain no resolution formally appointing J. B. Cartwright district clerk and it is on this omission that defendants now seek to repudiate his enumeration.

But further it appears that during the years from 1902 to 1905 inclusive, he had possession of the, records of the board; acted as clerk with the knowledge of the members thereof; each year made the enumeration of school children in the district and filed it with the county clerk; Avas recognized by that officer and by the county court as the district clerk and on the enumerations filed by him, including that for the year 1905, the school board suffered Avithout question the apportionment of public money to be made to the district and received and retained the sums so apportioned and delivered into *264 its custody. Defendants now assert that Mr. Cartwright, forcibly and against the wishes of the board, took possession of the office and continued therein as a usurper, and, in their zeal to defeat this action, accuse themselves of serious wrongdoing, of which we believe from all the evidence before us they are not guilty.

Under the provisions of section 9770, Revised Statutes 1899, they were required as a board each year to take or cause to be taken and filed with the county clerk an enumeration of the school children in the district and the failure in any year to perform this act would have deprived the district of the right “to any portion of the public funds for the next ensuing school.year.” We do not believe that defendants and their predecessors in office, who are reputable citizens, knowingly committed a wrong so flagrant and reprehensible as would be involved in the acts of obtaining public funds year after year on what they believed to be bogus enumerations. Rather do we incline to the view which is abundantly supported by the evidence, that the idea of repudiating the acts of Mr. Cartwright as clerk is an afterthought born of the supposed exigencies of the present controversy and of the discovery that the acting, clerk was not appointed by a formal act of the board.

We readily concede that the appointment of the district clerk should have been made by the board at a regular or special meeting thereof. [Pugh v. School District No. 5, 114 Mo. App. 688 .] And as this was not done, that Mr. Cartwright was not the district clerk de jure. But it does not follow that he must be regarded as a mere interloper and his acts in the discharge of the duties of the office held to be void because of the absence of Iris formal appointment. In a recent case, this court, speaking through Ellison, J., quoted with approval the doctrine in State v. Carroll, 38 Conn. 449 , that, “An officer de facto is one whose acts,, though n6t those of a lawful officer, the law, upon principles of policy and jus *265 tice, will hold valid so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised (1) without a known appointment or election, but under such' circumstances of reputation or acquiescence as were calculated to induce people without inquiry to submit to or invoke his action, supposing him to be the officer he assumed to be, etc.” [Usher v. Telegraph Co., (not yet reported).] The school board by a course of conduct extending over a period of years recognized Mr. Cartwright as district clerk, adopted and profited by his official acts and knowingly permitted the county officers and the general public to deal with him as a legal officer. These facts constituted him such officer do facto and the enumeration taken and filed by him in 1905 in the usual way and in compliance with the requirements of the'statute must be deemed to have been authorized by the school board. That body “caused it to be taken and forwarded to the county clerk” within the meaning of the statute. [Sec. 9770.]

Under the facts disclosed by that enumeration, the negro children of the district were entitled to the establishment of a free public school for their benefit and it remains to be considered whether that right was impaired by the enumeration taken in 1906 during the pendency of this action.

It cannot be denied that J. B. Cartwright had been succeeded in office by his brother, J. L. Cartwright, at the time fixed by section 9770 for the taking of the 1906 enumeration and that the board directed the new appointee to make and file the enumeration, but it is asserted that a false enumeration of the colored children was knowingly made for the purposes of the defense .to this action and that defendants participated in this deception. The evidence leaves no room to doubt the falsity of that enumeration. Beyond question, twenty-four negro children of school age Avere domiciled Avith their parents in the district at the time. The excuses given by the en *266 umerator in his testimony for listing hut ten of these are flimsy to the point of being ridiculous. When he called at relator’s house, he was informed by relator that he had seven children of school age domiciled with him, but, notwithstanding he had known relator for thirty years and knew that the information given was .correct, he refused to take the names of three of the children because they did not happen to be in sight at the time. He pursued the same course at other houses, ignoring all information and even facts in his own knowledge and only counting those who chanced to be on hand when he made his one call. When he called at one house, nobody was at home and therefore none of the children who lived there was counted. A colored family named Bridgewater, in which there were five children of school age, were tenants of the enumerator, but he counted none of these children of whose existence he had positive knowledge because when he “went by there, there was no one there except two or three little children.” Certainly, he exemplified to the last extreme the idea that “things seen are greater than things heard,” but even in this was not consistent, for he refused to enumerate children he sam at one house because he heard they had been living in Sedalia and were temporarily home on a visit, information that turned out to be incorrect in its essential part.

It is useless to multiply words over such absurdities. The enumeration was false, and was shown by its author to be false Avhen he made it, and that defendants Avere possessed of the same guilty knowledge is equally apparent. Their attention has been earnestly and persistently called to the 1905 census by the clamor of the negroes for a school and by the bringing and prosecution of this action. There were only some six families of negroes in the district. The subject of their right to a free school, Avhich involved the question of the number of school children in the district, AAras, and for many months had been, the topic of first importance before the *267 board. Here, too, it is unnecessary to waste time on details. We find as a fact, that defendants knew of the falsity of that enumeration and used it for the purposes of this cause.

No difficulty is encountered in determining the status of the offspring of an act thus infected with fraud. It is of small importance whether the taking and filing of the enumeration be classed as a ministerial or a judicial act. In either case, the cotíclusion must, be reached that, being permeated with the fraud of those who were in duty bound as public officers to act in good faith, it is a nullity and must be treated as no enumeration at all. The power and duty of a court of competent jurisdiction to set aside and declare void judicial acts of an inferior tribunal, Avhich are tainted by the fraud of the judicial officers Avho perform them, Avas fully discussed by this court in the case of Burkharth v. Stephens, 117 Mo. App. 425 , and nothing needs be added to Avhat was there said on the subject. The power inheres and should be exercised, Avhere other adequate remedy does not exist, to correct fraudulent abuses of poAver by public officers regardless of whether such act be ministerial or judicial.

There is nothing in the contention of defendants that in the case of State ex rel. v. Smith, 64 Mo. App. 313 , a principle Avas announced Avhich, if applied to the present case, would restrict the remedy to a -mere correction of the false enumeration by directing that the names of the children wrongfully omitted he added thereto. Where an incorrect enumeration is taken and filed by the school board in good faith, it nevertheless is a lawful enumeration if made and filed in the manner, form and time prescribed by the statute. Omissions from such an enumeration inadvertently, though incorrectly, made would give ground for an action by mandamus to correct the errors by compulsory amendment and such relief should precede the granting of any relief based on the omitted facts, but this rule has no applica *268 tion to a case where the falsehood is intentional and is accompanied by, and is accessory to, fraudulent purpose. Such vice wholly disables its product and leaves it incapable of amendment or correction. There being nothing to amend, it follows that the right of the negro children to a free school sought to be here enforced rests on the enumeration taken in 1905, which in law was the last one. [R. S. 1899, sec. 9775.]

The fact that the school year of 1905 has passed does not affect the right to the remedy invoked. The action is for the establishment'and maintenance of a free public school, the right is based on the facts disclosed in the last lawful enumeration and the failure of defendants as a board to perform their duty with respect to the taking and filing of a proper enumeration for the year 1906 in no manner alters or impairs that right. The relief sought should be granted and it follows that the judgment awarding a peremptory writ must be affirmed. It is so ordered.

Broaddus, P. concurs. Judge Ellison is of the opinion that no fraud was shown and that if there had been, the present action is not the proper mode of reaching it.