State v. Workman

The opinion of the court was delivered by McIver, A. J.

In this case the defendants were indicted and fried jointly for burning a frame of timber prepared for making ■a house, which is made a felony by Section 4, Chapter CXXIX., 'General Statutes, page 714. Upon their arraignment they each •claimed the right to challenge, peremptorily, twenty of the jurors presented, but the Circuit judge held that they were each only •entitled to five peremptory challenges, and this presents the first •question raised by this appeal.

It is very clear that the prisoners were properly restricted to *544 five peremptory challenges each. The statute designates specifically the cases in which twenty peremptory challenges are allowed, and declares that in other cases the right of peremptory challenge on the part of the accused shall be limited to five. General Statutes 747, 748. The offence for which these defendants were indicted does not fall within any of the classes in which twenty peremptory challenges are allowed. If there could be any doubt upQn this point that doubt would be removed by the decision of this court in the recent case of State v. Pope, 9 S. C. 273, which is, in principle, identical with this case.

The next question is as to the admissibility of the confessions of one of the defendants — Isom Workman. Three objections seem to be made. 1. That the confessions were not free and voluntary. 2. That no previous warning had been given to the defendant as to the effect his confessions might have. 3. That even if the confessions were admissible as against the party who made them, they were not competent evidence against the other defendant, and the witnesses in proving them should have been required to omit the name of Satterwhite wherever it was used by Workman in making his confession.

As to the first objection the rule is that the evidence upon the point whether the confessions are free and voluntary or have been extracted by fear or induced by hope excited in the prisoner’s' breast by some outside influence, is addressed to the presiding judge, and it is a matter for him in his discretion to decide; but as it is difficult to lay down any particular rule by which the proper exercise of this discretion is to be tested, each case must, in large measure, depend upon its own circumstances. 1.Greenl. on Ev., § 219. In this case the Circuit judge reports that the confession of Workman was admitted in evidence “ because it appeared that the same was made freely and voluntarily, and upon his own solicitation,” and we think the testimony set out in the “ case” fully sustains this statement of the Circuit judge, and that there was no error in admitting the confessions.

The next objection to the confessions cannot be sustained. No previous warning was necessary. In 1 Greenl. on Ev., § 229, it is said : “ Neither is it necessary to the admissibility of any confession to whomsoever it may have been made, that it should ap *545 pear that the prisoner was warned that what he said would be used against him. On the contrary, if the confession was voluntary it is sufficient though it should appear that he was not warned.”

The remaining objection to the confessions is, not only that they were not admissible against the co-defendant, but that the witnesses in detailing the confessions should not have been allowed to use the name of Satterwhite where it had been used by Workman in making the confessions. The first branch of this objection rests upon a misapprehension of the ruling of the Circuit judge, for he not only did not hold the confessions of Workman to be admissible as evidence against Satterwhite, but, on the contrary, he seems to have carefully instructed the jury that the confessions were evidence against Workman only, and that they must not regard them as any evidence against Satterwhite.

The only remaining inquiry on this branch of the case is whether the witnesses who were put upon the stand to prove the confessions of Workman should, in detailing such confessions, have been required to omit the name of Satterwhite where it was used by Workman in making his confession. The rule seems to be that the name should not be omitted. Rex v. Fletcher et al., 19 Eng. Com. Law 369; Rex v. Hearne et al., 19 Eng. Com. Law 350; Rex. v. Clewes 19 Eng. Com. Law 356. In Hearne’s Case, supra, where it was insisted on behalf of Cox, one of the defendants, whose name had been mentioned as one of the parties engaged in stealing the horse, in proving the confessions of Cotton, another of the defendants, that the witness, in proving the confession, ought to be required to omit his name and merely say “ another person,” Littledale, J., said : “ The witness must mention the name. He is to tell what Cotton said, and if he left out the name he would not do so. Cotton did not say ‘ another person,’ and the witness must give the conversation just as it occurred, but I shall tell the jury that it is not evidence against Cox; ” — just as the Circuit judge seems to have done in this case. The doctrine established by these cases appears to be recognized by these eminent text-writers. Phillips, ch. V., § 5; Starkie, part 4, p. 54, and 1 Greenl., § 218.

The next point raised by the appeal is as to the competency *546 of Satterwhite’s wife as a witness. The appellants insist, first, that she was a competent witness for both of the defendants, and next, that if she is held to be incompetent as a witness for her husband, she was, nevertheless, a competent witness for the other defendant. It is conceded that at common law the wife would not be a competent witness for her husband in a case of this kind, and we are not aware of any statute which renders her competent. The act of 1866, incorporated in Gen. Stat., Chap. CX., p. 514, § 17, and in Chap. CXL., p. 748, §§ 5, 6, is relied upon by the appellants as rendering the wife a competent witness for her husband in a criminal case. We do not think that such is the effect of that act. The manifest object of that statute was to remove objections to the competency of witnesses upon the ground that they were parties to the action or interested in the event of it; and as Dunkin, C. J., in Moseley v. Eakin, 15 Rich. 338 , says, the other provisions of the act of 1866, contained in the third section, were simply intended to preserve the then existing rules of law by which persons could not be required to criminate themselves, and by which confidential communications between persons standing towards each other in the relation of husband and wife were protected. But the rule which renders the wife an incompetent witness for or against her husband did not rest alone upon the ground of identity of interest, but also upon “principles of public policy which lie at the basis of civil society.” 1 Greenl. on Ev., § 334.

The passage, therefore, of this act, removing all grounds of objection to the competency of witnesses on the score of interest, does not remoye the other ground of objection to the competency of a wife to testify for or against her husband based upon considerations of public policy. Lucas v. Brooks, 18 Wall. 453 ; Gee v. Scott, 48 Tex. 510 ; Same case, 26 Am. R. 331; Steen v. State, 20 Ohio St. 333 ; Gibson v. Commonwealth, 87 Penna. St. 253. It is insisted, however, that even though the wife of Sat-terwhite may not be a competent witness for him, yet she was a competent witness for his co-defendant, Workman. These parties were indicted and tried jointly, and there was no motion to sever, upon the ground that one of them desired to use a witness who would not be competent for the other; nor was it proposed to prove by Mrs. Satterwhite a distinct and independent defence *547 in behalf of Workman, which would not affect the defence set •up by her husband, and when this is the case it is well settled that the wife of one defendant is not a competent witness for any of the other defendants. State v. McGrew, 13 Rich. 316 ; Commonwealth v. Eastland, 1 Mass. 15 ; Commonwealth v. Robinson, 1 Gray 555 ; State v. Smith, 2 Ired. 402 .

The nest question is whether the judge erred in refusing the motion for a new trial based upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence. ’ This motion was addressed to the discretion of the Circuit judge, and unless his discretion was abused or some rule of law was violated we have no authority to interfere. In this ease, so far from there having been any abuse of discretion, , ■or any violation of any of the rules of law, we agree entirely with the Circuit judge that the showing upon which the motion was based was altogether insufficient, both in form and substance. Without undertaking to specify all the objections to it, there was one which was absolutely fatal, and that was the absence -of any showing to the effect that the alleged newly-discovered evidence could not, by due diligence, have been discovered in -time for it to be offered at the trial. Indeed, there is nothing whatever to show that the so-called newly-discovered evidence ‘was not known to the defendants at the time of the trial, for the .■motion is based solely upon the affidavit of one of the counsel for ■the prisoners, and while it may have been, and no doubt was, •entirely true, that this evidence was only brought to the attention 'of the counsel after the trial, it does not by any means ■follow from this that such evidence was not known to the defendants.

The last ground relied upon by the appellants is that “ the •evidence discloses no offence against the statute under which this indictment is framed. The testimony shows that it was a dwelling-house nearly completed.” The real point upon which this ground rests, as we gather from the argument here, is, that :the thing burned was not a frame of timber prepared for making •a house, which' is the offence denounced by the statute under which this indictment was framed, but that it was a dwelling-' .house partially completed.

We do not see how the appellants can raise this point here *548 under the statements contained in the “ case ” as prepared for-argument here, for it presents a mere question of fact, and one,, therefore, beyond our jurisdiction. No exception seems to have-been taken to the indictment, and hence we are bound to assume-that it was sufficient in form, and that it properly charged the offence created by the statute; nor does it appear that the Circuit judge was requested to make any ruling upon the subject. All that does appear is that the defendants were charged with-burning a frame of timber prepared for making a house, and-that of this charge the jury have found the defendants guilty. ■ We must, therefore, conclude that the charge was sustained by the evidence submitted, for we have no authority to look into the evidence for the purpose of ascertaining whether the verdict of the jury is in accordance with the evidence.

The judgment of this court is that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.

Simpson, C. J., and McGowan, A. J., concurred.