John Miller Co. v. Harvey Mercantile Co.

Bronson, J.

Statement. — This is an action in the nature of a statutory sequestration proceeding. The plaintiff has appealed from a judgment of dismissal. This case was before this court formerly upon an appeal from an order overruling a demurrer to the complaint. 38 N. D. 531, 550 , 165 N. W. 558 . This court then held the complaint to state a cause of action in that it not only charged preferential conveyances made, but also a joint scheme and conspiracy to place property and assets of the Harvey Mercantile Company beyond the reach of *508 the plaintiff and other creditors similarly situated, and to divide such assets among certain persons. It is unnecessary to restate the allegations of the complaint rather fully stated in the former opinion, to which reference is made. The plaintiff’s cause of action is grounded upon two claims:

A judgment for $6,605.50 rendered July 23, 1912, upon which there is a claimed balance of $4,665.38 and interest,' and a judgment for $567.49 rendered February 23, 1913, — both against the Harvey Mercantile Company, a corporation.

After the determination of the former appeal the defendants, including the Harvey Mercantile Company and other creditors concerned, interposed answers, wherein the judgment of $567.49 and interest is admitted to be due and owing, but, concerning the larger judgment, it is alleged that there is nothing due thereon. In this regard it is alleged that in May, 1913, one Phillips, a defendant herein, instituted an action against the plaintiff herein to recover $6,000 damages for the conversion of certain twin elevators at Harvey, formerly owned by the Harvey Mercantile Company; that in such action plaintiff asserted, by way of counterclaim and equitable set-off to defeat such conversion actions, the indebtedness and certain chattel mortgages upon such elevators which stood as security therefor; that such indebtedness was reduced to the larger judgment herein by an action at law; that by reason thereof such larger judgment was barred and paid. It appears in the record that in October, 1909, the Harvey Mercantile Company gave certain notes to this plaintiff; that to secure the same, in August and September, 1910, it executed certain chattel mortgages on its one-half interest in the elevator property mentioned. That subsequently, in January, 1912, this Mercantile Company conveyed by bill of sale its interest in the elevator to one Strieker, who thereafter, on March 21, 1912, likewise conveyed by bill of sale to Phillips, who thereupon took possession. In April, 1912, this plaintiff commenced an action against the Mercantile Company to recover judgment on such notes, and under a writ of attachment seized the elevator property, through the sheriff, from the possession of Phillips. In July, 1912, judgment was rendered on such notes for $6,605.50. In August, 1912, the elevator property was sold under the attachment and a special execution *509 upon the judgment for $2,000. This amount was credited upon the judgment.

In this action, instituted by Phillips, judgment was finally rendered, in August, 1914, dismissing the action upon the findings, generally stated, — that this plaintiff was entitled to offset and recoup any claim of Phillips to the full amount of the debt secured by such chattel mortgages ; that the amount of the debt so secured far exceeded the value of the property, as found by the court to have been converted by the defendants; that Phillips suffered no damage through that conversion; that the bills of sale made by the Mercantile Company and Strieker were made without consideration, and in order to secure Phillips for the amount of certain indebtedness of the Harvey Mercantile Company personally guaranteed by him and for which he claimed to be personally liable. That such bills of sale were made in violation of the penal statutes of the state concerning the sale and transfer of mortgaged personal property without the consent of the mortgagor.

This action herein was instituted in April, 1916. It came on for trial in July, 1919. Before the introduction of any evidence, the defendants moved to dismiss the action upon the grounds, generally stated, that the larger judgment in question had been satisfied and discharged prior to the commencement of this action through using the same as a defense and set-off in the Phillips action; that this action was prematurely brought before the dissolution of the Mercantile Corporation and was furthermore barred by the Statute of Limitations enacted pursuant to chapter 100, Sess. Laws 1919. Before the trial court disposed of the motion, the defendants tendered in open court $825 in payment of the small judgment, together with the taxable costs, and a deposit was made with the clerk of court of such amount. The defendants also requested the trial court to take judicial notice of its action and proceedings in the Phillips case, and offered in the record the judgment roll of the Phillips case. The court finally sustained the motion of the defendants, and thereupon findings were made for the dismissal of the action upon which the judgment herein has been rendered. The plaintiff demands a trial de novo.

Questions. — The plaintiff challenges the action of the trial court upon the following questions:

*510 1. Is the larger judgment barred by reason of its assertion as a defense in the Phillips conversion suit ?

2. Is the action barred under the Statute of Limitations contained in chapter 100, Sess. Laws 1919 ?

3. Can the present causes of action be maintained under §§ 4543 and 4544, Comp. Laws 1913, prior to a dissolution of the corporation by a judgment of court?

Contentions. — Concerning the first question the plaintiff maintains that there was not an assertion of the larger judgment in the Phillips conversion action as a counterclaim or set-off, but merely the pleading thereof in mitigation of damages as expressly provided by law; that the bar or plea of res judicata, cannot be used in this action, where the Mercantile Company was not a party in the Phillips conversion action; that, furthermore, in the Phillips conversion action, Phillips had no right nor title upon which to maintain conversion by reason of the invalidity of the transfer to him, and that in any event Phillips suffered no damage, because the interest in the elevators to which he succeeded under the bills of sale was of no value because less than the amount of plaintiff’s liens thereupon.

On the other hand, the defendants contend, upon familiar principles of law, that one may not split his cause of demand and may not first use the same as a defense and thereafter as a sword. That in the Phillips action the plaintiff did use this debt, which is the gist of the action, as a defense to defeat Phillip’s cause of action, and now seeks again to use this same debt in an affirmative action to compel payment from the defendants, including Phillips, covering a benefit which it has already received through the assertion of its defense in the Phillips action.

Opinion. — The defendants have duly tendered payment of the smaller judgment. Fairly and frankly, upon oral argument the plaintiff’s counsel practically concede that an issue of law is alone presented; that, if the larger judgment be not enforceable, the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed.

It is evident, that the main purpose of this action is to enforce collection of the debt evidenced by the larger judgment.

Prior to its reduction to judgment, this debt was evidenced by *511 promissory notes and chattel mortgages securing the same upon the elevator property concerned.

Prior to the institution of the Phillips conversion action, proceedings had been begun and were restrained to foreclose the lien of such chattel mortgages. Thereupon the action at law was instituted to recover on such notes and the elevator property in question attached. The larger judgment herein was secured. Pursuant thereto, this elevator property, under attachment and execution proceedings, was sold; through such action, Phillips was dispossessed of the elevator property, and the same was sold to this plaintiff for $2,000, which amount was credited upon the judgment at law.

When Phillips instituted the conversion action what rights and remedies did this plaintiff then possess? At that time the acts, of which the plaintiff complains in this proceeding, had occurred. The debt evidenced by this larger judgment was then unpaid except as to the amount of $2,000. The preferential conveyances and dispositions of the property of the Harvey Mercantile Company, if unlawful, had then been made. The acts and liabilities of the directors and officers of such Mercantile Company, including that of Phillips, had then occurred and accrued. At that time the plaintiff might then have-maintained this action to enforce the collection of its larger judgment against the defendants, including Phillips, just as it now seeks to maintain it. Such action, if maintainable then, would have reached,, through sequestration proceedings, the property of the Mercantile Company, including that which was transferred to Phillips under the bills of sale questioned.

The bills of sale in question were made prior to the attachment and judgment secured at law by the plaintiff.

Clearly this plaintiff, relying solely upon such judgment at law, was liable to Phillips for conversion, unless, in defense, it could show that the lien of its mortgages defeated Phillips’ interest, or that the-elevator property so sold in fact and in equity still was the property of the Mercantile Company.

Did this plaintiff then use this affirmative cause of action, then-existing, and this debt, then evidenced by the larger judgment, as a-shield to protect itself in the possession of the elevator property secured under the execution proceedings? The plaintiff maintains that it *512 simply used this debt, secured by a lien, in mitigation of damages as the statute permitted, and that this, in and of itself, defeated Phillips’ right to recover, because he had suffered no damages. This the plaintiff had the undoubted right to do. Lovejoy v. Merchants’ State Bank, 5 N. D. 623, 627 , 67 N. W. 956 ; Clendening v. Hawk, 8 N. D. 419, 423 , 79 N. W. 878 ; Force v. Peterson Mach. Co. 17 N. D. 220, 222 , 116 N. W. 84 ; Comp. Laws 1913, § 6721. It served, also, to deny to Phillips any recovery in damages, because the lien of such mortgages exceeded the value of this interest in the premises. Kohn v. Davis, 36 C. C. A. 253 , 94 Fed. 288, 293 ; Farrar v. Paine, 173 Mass. 58 , 53 N. E. 146 . This right, independent of statute, was formerly recognized by the courts of this state equitably. See Lovejoy v. Merchants’ State Bank, supra; Force v. Peterson Mach. Co. 17 N. D. 220, 222 , 116 N. W. 84 . This right, however, whether statutory or equitable, has not been extended so as to include the right to require the obligor of a debt to pay it twice. 23 Cyc. 1206.

Did the plaintiff in this action assert in the Phillips conversion action, beyond the mere defense of mitigation of damages, the affirmative cause of action (which is the basis of this action) to defeat such conversion action? This court so finds. In that action this plaintiff asserted the full amount of its debt, the present larger judgment. It asserted its lien through the chattel mortgages given to secure the same, to the full amount thereof. It asserted the position and status of Phillips and the purposes for which it was claimed that the bills of sale were illegally made to Phillips, both contrary to law concerning chattel mortgages and for purposes of creating unlawful preferences, and to hinder, delay, and defraud creditors, particularly this plaintiff, in the collection cf its debt.

If such defense had not been asserted, Phillips would have prevailed in the conversion action. The plaintiff, however, would not have been precluded from maintaining this action or an action to enforce this debt which would reach and extend even to the property that Phillips would have received through such conversion action. Its debt, the present judgment, then would have remained wholly uncollected without any attempt having been made to assert its causes of action or modes of redress to enforce the same. Its defenses, in the Phillips action, are not answered by the contention that Phillips really had no interest *513 in the elevator property, and that the title which was concluded by the execution proceedings was simply the title of the ITarvey Mercantile Company. In order to enforce its debt, the larger judgment, this plaintiff then possessed, under the circumstances, certain definite rights and remedies.

To defeat the right of Phillips and the conversion action it necessarily had to assert either its lien through the chattel mortgages, or the unlawful preferential character or the illegality of the transfer. It could enforce its lien and its debt as to this elevator property by asserting a lien, or it could enforce or seek to enforce its debt without the lien, but it could not adopt inconsistent modes of redress. If, in resulting effect, it enforced its lien, including the debt, it merged the cause of action on the original debt. 23 Cyc. 723. See Miller v. Little, 37 N. D. 612, 616 , 164 N. W. 19 . The fact that the use of these defenses comprehended and included the right to mitigate damages as permitted by the statute does not permit the plaintiff to escape the effect of the full assertion of such defenses.

By reason of its defense it secured and retained this elevator property which it could not have secured and retained under the sheriff’s sale proceedings alone. To so secure and retain this property it saw fit to use the entire debt evidenced by the larger judgment and some of its affirmative cause of action then existing. The value of the property so obtained is undetermined by the findings of the court. It may have been equal to the entire amount of the debt. It may have been considerably less. In any event this plaintiff then realized and it secured an enforcement and a benefit under and concerning its debt, this larger judgment.

We are of the opinion that it is now barred and precluded from enforcing the collection of this debt upon its affirmative cause of action by reason thereof. The familiar principles of law apply, that causes of action may not be divided, and that one who has availed himself of a part of a single claim or obligation in an action or defense is estopped thereafter from enforcing the remainder of it. 23 Cyc. 1174, 1202. This follows the famous expression of Chief Justice Shaw in O’Connor v. Varney, 10 Gray, 231 , that one cannot use the same defense first as a shield and then as a sword. 23 Cyc. 1163, 1201; Brown v. First Nat. Bank, 66 C. C. A. 293 , 132 Fed. 450 ; Watkins v. American Nat. *514 Bank, 67 C. C. A. 110 , 134 Fed. 36 ; Warburton v. Trust Co. of America, 105 C. C. A. 201 , 182 Fed. 769, 775 ; Wagner v. Kohn, 140 C. C. A. 592 , 225 Fed. 718, 722 . This is simply the application of an equitable rule, that one should not be compelled to answer or be required to pay twice for the same claim. It may also be noted that,, in the Phillips conversion action, the plaintiff asserted its right to retain and hold the elevator property, because it was a preferred creditor by reason of its chattel mortgage liens. In this action upon the same-debt and for the same amount it asserts its right to maintain such action on such debt, because a general creditor. Well may it be asserted, upon similar principles, that one may not claim to share on the same debt and for the same amount without a class, because preferred,, and then again within such class, because not preferred. One may not assert and enforce two inconsistent modes of redress. Roney v. H. S. Halvorsen Co. 29 N. D. 13, 20 , 149 N. W. 688 . Clearly the defendants in this action are entitled to assert the bar or plea of res judicata in the Phillips action. 23 Cyc. 1206; Miller v. Belvy Oil Co. 160 C. C. A. 223 , 248 Fed. 83 .

If, in the application of such principles, the want of full satisfaction accrues to the plaintiff, it is only because of its own actions, deliberately taken, in choosing the method of enforcing its claims and demands. The decision of this court upon the first question renders it unnecessary to consider the other two questions propounded. The judgment accordingly is affirmed, with costs to the respondent.

Bobinson, J., concurs. Grace, J, I concur in the result.