Koshland v. Home Insurance
KOSHLAND v. HOME INSURANCE COMPANY
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Summary
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Opinion of the Court
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Mr. Justice Bean,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The record contains numerous assignments of •error, but the only ones relied upon at the argument or discussed in appellant’s brief arise out of the refusal of the trial court to surrender its jurisdiction on -the filing of the petition and bond by the defendant •for removal to the federal court, and in refusing to xule that the mortgage of $28,000 to the plaintiff, referred to in the pleadings, was a violation of the condition of the policy against incumbrances, and rendered it void. Upon the first question but little need be said. While the petition for removal avers that the plaintiff was at the time of the commencement of the action, and still is, a citizen of the State of Oregon, and that the defendant was and is a citizen •of the State of California, it was nevertheless admitted in open court by the defendant at the hearing, and made a part of the record, that the allegations of the petition on that subject are not true, but that plaintiff is, and was at the time of the commencement of the action, a citizen and resident of the State of California. The petition was treated in the court below as if it had been amended accordingly, and will be so consid *324 .ered here. This being so, the case is clearly not one of which the federal courts are given jurisdiction by the first section of the act of congress of March 3, 1887, on the ground of diversity of citizenship, because both parties are residents of the same state, and the jurisdiction of such courts on removal by the defendant is limited by that section to such cases as might have been commenced therein by original process: Railroad Company v. Davidson, 157 U. S. 201 (15 Sup. Ct. 563). Hence the trial court properly refused to surrender its jurisdiction, upon the facts appearing of record in that court.
1. Upon the other point the record shows that, at the time th¿ policy of insurance in suit was issued, Cunningham, the assured, was the owner of about twelve . thousand acres of land in Umatilla and Morrow counties, with the buildings and appurtenances thereon, and was also the owner of about eighteen thousand or twenty thousand head of sheep ranging on said land; that the real estate was incumbered by three separate .mortgages to secure the sum of $26,415.38 in the aggregate, which sum was likewise secured by a chattel mortgage on the sheep referred to, and the contract of insurance was made and the policy issued, covering some of the buildings on the mortgaged property and their contents, and $4,650 on the sheep, with knowledge that the property was so incumbered. After the policy had been issued and delivered, and before the fire, Cunningham borrowed of plaintiff the money with which to pay off and discharge these incumbrances, and gave as security therefor a mortgage not only on the property included in the prior mortgages, *325 but on a large amount of other property, áñd this is the mortgage referred to in the pleadings. There is no contention that the policy is void on account of the incumbrances on the property at the time the insurance was effected, but the question presented for decision is whether, after the issuance and delivery of a policy of insurance, the giving of a mortgage by the assured on the property covered thereby, without the consent of the company, to secure the funds with which to pay and discharge an incumbrance existing thereon, is a violation of the provision that it shall be void “if the subject of the insurance be or become incumbered by mortgage” without the consent of the company indorsed thereon in writing. Now, if this clause in the policy is to be given a strict and literal interpretation, it would seem that any incumbrance given by an assured after the policy has been issued and delivered is a violation thereof, whatever may have been the purpose for which it was given. But courts are always reluctant to enforce forfeitures; and when one mortgage is given practically as a substitute for another, as in this case, there is no reason, in our opinion, for doing so. The rule that an incumbrance in violation of the terms of a policy of insurance works a forfeiture is based on the theory that it increases the risk; for, if a man may insure his property to its full value, and then incumber it to its full value, it may easily be seen how it may be turned into a source of profit: Brown v. Insurance Company, 41 Pa. St. 187. But, where the policy is issued with knowledge by the company of an existing incumbrance, a subsequent renewal thereof, or a new incumbrance *326 given for the purpose of discharging the old one, does not increase the risk, because the incumbrance practically remains the same. By issuing the policy the company contracts to accept the risk, incumbered as the property then is; and a subsequent change in the form of the incumbrance, or the substitution of one creditor for another, is not a violation of the spirit or intent of the contract, and therefore ought not to work a forfeiture of the insurance. If the assured cannot use the property covered by the policy as security for the money with which to pay off an incumbrance existing at the time it is issued, he is either at the mercy of the company, or else must suffer the risk of having his property sold under a decree of foreclosure. There is neither reason nor justice in a doctrine which requires him to suffer in that way, when no possible harm can be done to the insurer by substituting one creditor for another, or one security for another. The risk remains the same, for the interest of the assured in the property is unchanged. There is some diversity of opinion in the adjudged cases as to whether, after an existing mortgage has been paid and discharged, the assured can give another for the same or a less amount without violating the condition of the policy against incumbrances; but, where the new mortgage is given merely in lieu of an existing incumbrance, reason as well as authority favors the doctrine that it does not increase the risk, and therefore is no violation of the conditions of the policy against incumbrances: Bowlus v. Phœnix Insurance Company, 133 Ind. 106 (20 L. R. A. 400, 32 N. E. 319 ); Kister v. Lebanon Mutual Insurance Company, 128 Pa. St. 553 *327 (5 L. R. A. 646, 15 Am. St. Rep. 696 , 18 Atl. 447 ); Dwelling House Insurance Company v. Gould (Pa. Sup.), 19 Atl. 793 ; Weiss v. Insurance Company, 148 Pa. St. 349 ( 23 Atl. 991 ); Kansas Fire Insurance Company v. Saindon, 53 Kan. 623 ( 35 Pac. 15 ); Georgia Home Insurance Company v. Stein, 72 Miss. 943 ( 18 So. 414 ); Russell v. Insurance Company, 71 Iowa, 69 ( 32 N. W. 95 ). It follows that the judgment must be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
Affirmed.
[Decided October 25, 1897.]
On Rehearing
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On Rehearing.
Mr. Justice Bean
delivered the opinion of the court.
2. During the progress of the trial, defendant offered to prove that the amount of the incumbrances on the property at the time the insurance was effected had been reduced by payments, and did not exceed $16,-000 at the time plaintiff’s mortgages were given, and therefore the statement in the opinion heretofore filed that they were given for the purpose of raising money with which to pay prior incumbrances was not strictly accurate. But, in our opinion, the evidence offered was immaterial. The question was not so much whether the amount secured by plaintiff’s mortgages exceeded that actually due on the prior liens at the time of their execution as it was whether the risk had been thereby increased. The rule that an incumbrance on insured property, in violation of the terms of the policy, works a forfeiture, proceeds upon the theory that it increases the hazard, by reducing the *328 interest of the assured in the property covered by the policy, and consequently his interest in its preservation. But the reason of this rule ceases where the policy is issued with knowledge of existing incumbrances. The insurance in that case in effect contracts to accept the risk according to the assured’s present interest in the property, and a subsequent change in the form or amount of the incumbrances ought not to work a forfeiture of the policy so long as the amount óf such incumbrnnces is not increased. The interest of the assured remains unchanged, and the moral hazard the same. It is true, there is some conflict in the authorities upon this question; but we take this to be the better rule, and supported by the weight of authority. See cases cited in the original opinion.
Rehearing Denied.
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