Commonwealth v. Lowe

Opinion oe the court nr CHIEF JUSTICE BURNAM

Reversing.

The question for decision by this court upon this appeal is the sufficiency of the indictment wherein the appellee, Eddie Lowe, is charged with a violation of section 1154 of the Kentucky .Statutes of 1899, which reads as follows: “Whoever shall unlawfully carnally know a female, of and ■above twelve years of age, against her will or consent, or hv force, or whilst she is insensible, shall be guilty of rape, and punished by confinement in the penitentiary not less than ten nor more than twenty years, or by death in the discretion of the jury.’’ The indictment reads as follows: “The grand jury of the county of Green, in the name and by the authority of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, ac *337 cuse Eddie Lowe of the crime of carnally knowing a female against her will or consent, committed in manner and form as follows, to-wit: The said Eddie Lowe, in the said county of Green, on the 6th day of June, 1902,, and before the finding of the indictment herein, did unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously carnally know a female, to-wit, Miss Ethel Paxton, of and above twelve years of age, against her will or consent, or whilst she was insensible or incapable of exercising her will, some drug to the grand jury. unknown having been administered to her, and she being incapable of exercising her will power at the time, and having no self control, contrary to form of the statute in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.” The trial court sustained a demurrer to this indictment, and the Commonwealth prosecutes this appeal.

It is insisted for appellee upon this appeal that the indictment is fatally defective for two reasons: First, because it does not charge that the defendant knew that the prosecuting wetness was insensible, in consequence of a drug having been administered to her; second, that the offense with which he is charged is not stated with sufficient certainty to apprise him of the specific crime for which he is to be prosecuted, in consequence of the use of the disjunctive “or” instead of the conjunctive “and” in the indictment. The certainty required by section 124 of the Criminal Code must be such as will apprise the defendant of the nature of the accusation, and enable him to plead the indictment and the judgment thereon in bar of any subsequent prosecution for the same offense. See Com. v. White, 18 B. Mon., 493 ; Com. v. Perrigo, 3 Metc., 5 . The complaint that the indictment does not charge that the accused knew that Miss Paxton was incapable of giving con *338 sent by reason of the administration to her of some drug is not well taken. The gist of the charge against the defendant is that he had willfully and feloniously had intercourse with Miss Paxton against her will or without her consent; in other words, that he was guilty of the common-law crime of rape. This crime belongs to that class of felonies where the statement of the act necessarily implies a knowledge of its illegality, and where no averment of knowledge or bad intent is necessary. In discussing this question, Mr. Wharton in his Criminal Pleading and Praceice (8th Ed.) says: “Where guilty knowledge is not an essential ingredient of the offense, or where a statement of the act itself necessarily includes a knowledge of the il-' legality of the act,- no averment of knowledge is necessary.” To the same effect is 1 Hale, P. C., 561; 2 East, P. C., 51; 1 C'hitty, Criminal Law, 242; and Commonwealth v. Stout, etc., 46 Ky., 249 . It is otherwise, however, in that class of cases where guilty knowledge is not implied, and is a substantive ingredient of the offense. Thus, in an indictment for selling an obscene book, a scienter is necessary; so an-indictment for selling unwholesome water. See Wharton's Criminal Pleading & Practice, section 164, and 10 A. & E. En. of P. & P., 491, 'The enumeration in the indictment disjunctively of several different means which may have been resorted to by the accused in the commission of the offense seems to be expressly authorized by section 126 of the Criminal Code, which reads as follows: “An indictment, except in the cases mentioned in the next section, must charge but one offense; but if it may have been com- . mitted in different modes or by different means, the indictment may allege the modes and means in the alternative.” This provision of the Code changes the common-law rule as to alternative allegations in an indictment as to the dif *339 ferent modes and means which the accused may have resorted to in the commission of the offense charged. The indictment only charges the defendant with one offense— that of willfully and feloniously carnally knowing a- female above the age of twelve years against her will and consent. The alternative statements complained of only refer ■to the modes or means by which he may have accomplished the crime. It .would certainly have been competent to have shown that the woman was incapable of giving consent by reason of the fact that she had been previously drugged, if the indictment had only charged defendant with having carnally known her against her consent. It follows, therefore, that the indictment under this provision of the Code is not objectionable for duplicity, and that the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer. For reasons indicated; the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.