Toole v. State

SAYRE, J.

This proceeding originated in a search and seizure warrant sworn out under section 22 of the act approved August 25, 1909, entitled “An act to further suppress the evils of intemperance, and to secure obedience to and the enforcement of, and to prevent the evasion of, the laws of the state for the promotion of temperance and for the prohibition of the manufacture of and traffic in or unlawful disposition of prohibited liquors and beverages; to provide for the abatement of liquor nuisances and the seizure and destruction of forfeited liquors and beverages, and to prescribe the pro *46 cedure in such cases.” — Acts 1909, p. 68. The warrant was executed by seizing 114 barrels of beer. W. J. Toole interposed a claim to the beer, and thereafter the proceeding for the condemnation of the beer was conducted under the title “The State v. W. J. Toole,” as the statute provides. There was, however, no charge preferred against Toole. There was not in any exact sense a criminal prosecution. The proceeding might well have begun and terminated without any disclosure of the ownership of the property or the appearance, of any claimant. It was therefore a proceeding in rem against the beer for its condemnation as forfeited property. The determination being in rem, upon reasonable personal or general notice, the status of the property was to be fixed as to all the world. — Black on Intox. Liq., § 352.

Appellant urges, for one thing, that the act is viola-tive of section 45 of the Constitution of 1901, which provides that: “Each law shall contain but one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in the title.” The argument is that the subject of the searches and seizures, provided for in section 22 of the act, is not covered by the most general clause of the title. In its last clause the title expressly provides for the seizure and destruction of forfeited liquors and beverages, and to prescribe the procedure in such cases. B.ut if this clause is not itself referable and cognate to the more general clause of the title, under cover of which many regulations of a different character, though related to the same subject, are provided in the act, it results that the title and the body of the act as well are double. This section of the Constitution has been the subject of frequent consideration, and we presume the principles governing its interpretation are generally understood. It is no objection to an act that its subject is broadly *47 and comprehensively expresed in its title, so long as the generality of its title is not made a cover for legislation incongruous in itself, and- which by no fair intendent can be considered as having a necessary or proper connection with the one general subject expressed. —State v. Street, 117 Ala. 203 , 23 South. 807 . The most general purpose expressed by this title is “to suppress the evils of intemperance.” What follows in the title may be said to be in some sort an abstract or catalogue of the contents of the act. The additional clauses do not set forth other and distinct subjects, but are mere specifications by way of subtitle of a matter covered in a general but sufficient way in the main title. —Mitchell v. State, 134 Ala. 392 , 32 South. 687 . The constitutional requirement is met if the act has but one general subject, and that is fairly indicated by the title. —Lindsay v. U. S. Savings Ass’n, 120 Ala. 156 , 24 South. 171 , 42 L. R. A. 783. We do not doubt that writs for the search of places where intoxicating liquors may be kept for unlawful purposes, and for the seizure and destruction of liquors so kept, constitute apt means for the suppression of the evils of intemperance, and that the act under consideration is valid as for the objection here taken. Search and seizure warrants have been long used without question by state and federal governments as a-proper and lawful means of dealing with the liquor traffic where it is forbidden.

Another question was raised when Toole propounded his claim to the property seized. In the first paragraph he stated that he was “interested in the property seized.” In succeeding paragraphs he showed the manner of his interest to be that divers persons had ordered the beer for their’personal use from corporations doing business in other states, that the orders had been accepted, and the beer consigned to him for delivery to the pur *48 chasers, and that he held it as the agent of the foreign vendors for the purpose of delivery, wherefore, he concluded, the property was in course of interstate shipment and not subject to seizure. To this answer, or those answers, demurrers were sustained. Section 23 of the act provides that it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, association, or corporation to receive for storage, distribution, or on consignment for another prohibited liquors and beverages, or any of them, or to have or maintain any warehouse or other place for the receiving, storing, or distribution of liquors for another, and any person violating this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. No question arises as to the right of persons in this state to import and keep liquors and intoxicating beverages for their own use. That right is to be conceded. —Vance v. Vandercook Company, 170 U. S. 438 , 18 Supp. Ct. 674, 42 L. Ed. 1100 . The defendant’s dealing with the shipment of beer fell within the letter and spirit of this enactment. But whatever may be the purpose and intent of the statute, it can have no operation as a regulation of interstate commerce (Heyman v. Southern Ry. Co., 203 U. S. 270 , 27 Sup. Ct. 104, 51 L. Ed. 178 ), except to the. limited extent permitted by the act of Congress commonly referred to as the Wilson act (Act Aug. 8, 1890, c. 728, 26 Stat. 313 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3177]). The provision of that act is “that all fermented, distilled, or other intoxicating liquors or liquids transported into any state or territory, or remaining therein foi use, consumption, sale or storage therein, shall upon arrival in such state or teritory, be subject to the operation and effect of the law of such state or territory enacted in the exercise of its police powers, to the same extent and in the same manner as though such liquors or liquids had been produced in such state or territory, and shall not be ex *49 <empt therefrom by reason of being introduced therein in original packages or otherwise.” In Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S. 412 , 18 Sup. Ct. 664, 42 L. Ed. 1088 , the Supreme Court of the United States, having this act under consideration, said : “This language makes it impossible in reason to hold that the law intended that the word ‘arrival’ should mean at the state line, since it presupposes the coming of the goods into the state for ‘use, consumption, sale or storage.’ The fair inference from the enumeration of these conditions, Avhich are all-embracing, is that the time when they could arise was made the test by which to determine the period when the operation of the state law should attach to goods brought into the state.” It was further said that the fundamental right which the previous decision of the court in Bowman v. Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 125 U. S. 465 , 8 Sup. Ct. 689, 1062, 31 L. Ed. 700 , held to be “protected from the operation of the state laws by the Constitution of the United States was the continuity of shipment of goods coming from one state into another from the point of transmission to the point of consignment, and the accomplishment there of the delivery covered by the contract.” And the ruling was that, “interpreting the statute by the light of all. its provisions, it wa.s not intended to and did not cause the power of the state to attach to an interstate commerce shipment, whilst the merchandise was in transit under such shipment, and until its arrival at the point of destination and delivery there to the consignee.” There is nothing to distinguish the case at hand from the case just quoted except the, fact that the consignee here was the agent of the consignor. In effect the consignor and consignee were one. Proceeding upon the premise that the nonresident sellers had a right to the complete execution of their contracts by delivery *50 to the resident buyers, the argument for the appellant seems to assume that in a case involving the facts here shown the Supreme Court of the United States would say “buyer,” where in the quoted case it said “consignee.” But we are not impressed with the idea that the difference in fact is sufficient to take this case without the rule declared. It is averred in the claim interposed that the orders for the beer had been accepted in Missouri and Tennessee. Nevertheless it appears that the shippers in those states by making the consignment to themselves, or their agent, reserved the jus dis-ponendi. The course of shipment was interrupted, not by any necessary or usual delay such as may be incident to transportation, but was arrested for storage, distribution, and final disposition. In effect they brought their property into this state for disposition here, and stored it here to await that disposition. The time had arrived Avhen the goods could be used, consumed, sold or stored in this state. On the facts stated in the claim the goods were stored Avith the purpose of disposing of them contrary to the statute of this state, and thereby they became, within the meaning of the Wilson act, subject to the-police power of the state, to be exercised according to the will of the state for the regulation or prohibition of the traffic in intoxicating liquors within its borders. The first paragraph of the defendant’s answer, if it is to be treated as an answer Avithin itself, was substantially defective in that it failed to show that 'defendant had such an interest as entitled him to defend against the proceeding to condemn the beer. Succeeding paragraphs were insufficient in law for the reasons hereinbefore indicated.

The warrant in this case was made returnable “before me at Montgomery, Alabama,” and was signed “Arm-stead Brown, Asso. Judge of the City Court of Mont *51 gomery.” Subdivisión 14 of section 22 reads thus: “A search Avarrant subject to the rulos and restrictions hereinabove declared may be likeAvise issued by any judge of a city, circuit, criminal or other court of record possessing criminal jurisdiction, returnable before the court in term time, and on the return of the Avar-rant the same proceedings may be had before the judge sitting as a court as are prescribed hereinabove for the trial before magistrates issuing said Avarrants.” Antecedent sections provide for the issue of Avarrants by justices of the peace and like officers. Subdivision 9 provides for the interposition of their claims by persons claiming any right, title or interest in the liquors seized, and that “the issue thus framed shall be deemed an action pending in the court of the judge or justice Avho issued the Avarrant,” betAveen the state of Alabama on the relation of the complainant and the liquor and vessels so seized, and may be entitled in the name of the state against the person so appearing. Appellant insists that the Avarrant Avas void because not made in terms returnable into the court in term time. The Avar-rant Avas in laAV returnable into the court and Avas in fact so returned. Its departure from correct form Avas not fatal to its valid ity. —Carnley v. State, 162 Ala. 94 , 50 South. 362 ; Red v. State, 167 Ala. 96 , 52 South. 885 .

Appellant moved the court to quash the warrant, alleging that the same had been issued upon an affidavit purporting to have been made by one C. E. Sweeney, that no such person lived in the community, and that the said name was either fictitious or assumed by the person making the affidavit. It will be observed that it is not alleged that no affidavit was taken. The averment is that the affiant was a nonresident of the community and concealed his identity under an assumed *52 name. These facts if proved — and it does not appear that there was any offer by way of plea to prove them —would not have required the writ to be quashed. The ascertainment of probable cause for the issue of the writ involved the exercise of the judicial function. Having acquired and exercised jurisdiction in the premises by taking affidavit of a person, and having issued the warrant substantially as required bv the statute, the weight of the evidence to establish probable cause could not be made the. subject of inquiry, nor could the judgment in that regard of the issuing magistrate, be made the subject of review on the trial of the cause. The motion to quash on the ground stated was properly overruled.

In the affidavit and warant the premises to be searched were described as “a place at 14 Jefferson street in the city of Montgomery, to wit, a stable or storehouse in the rear of a residence at said 14 Jefferson street,” and the mandate of the writ is for the search of “said place or premises.” This was, in our opinion, a sufficient designation of the premises to be searched. The words of the statute are that the place shall be described “as near as may be.” But the constitutional guaranty against unreasonable searches and seizures is to be observed. The writ must not be general; it should not leave the place to be searched to the discretion of the officer executing it; it must confine the search to one place or building. The objection taken is that the. officer is commanded or allowed by the writ to exercise his discretion by searching either a stable or a storehouse. The most general description here adopted was sufficient. — 2 Woolen & Thornton, Intox. Liq. § 624. What follows the videlicet does not broaden, but does restrict, the description, and would be unobjectionable if con-, strued in the fashion adopted by appellant. But that construction is strained. The writ does not warrant the *53 search of one of two places, but of one place which is designated as answering to one or the other of two descriptions. It might well respond to both.

It was not necessary that the warrant contain a recital that the issuing magistrate had ascertained probable cause. Its issue in the discharge of sworn official duty sufficiently affirmed that fact. —Holland v. Seagrave, 11 Gray (Mass.) 207 . The statute provides that the warrant may be substantially the form prescribed by the Code for other search warrants. Other search warrants are not required to recite a finding of probable cause.—Code 1907, § 7762.

The fact that the warrant was not marked “filed” until several days after its return to the clerk of the city court was a mere clerical irregularity which can avail nothing .—Spear v. State, 120 Ala. 351 , 25 South. 46 .

Subdivision 12 of section 22 of the act provides that “the keeping of prohibited liquors in any building not used exclusively for a dwelling shall be. prima facie evidence that the same are kept to be sold or otherwise disposed of or furnished contrary to law,” with a reservation, as we construe it, in favor of buildings used by druggists for the sale of alcohol under conditions permitted by the statute. It is said for the appellant that this provision of the act is unconstitutional because it presumes guilt from what may be an innocent act, with the result that the judgment of condemnation in this case is infected with error. We take the argument to mean that the statute impairs the right of trial by jury • — to have the jury determine the issue of guilt or innocence for itself. In connection with this objection statutory rules of this character have been often considered, by this court among others, and in the great majority of cases have been upheld as being within the constitutional competency of the Legislature. With quite *54 general- accord tbe courts- have- thought themselves able to reconcile legislation of this character, with the right of trial by jury, as it existed at the common law and in view of which Constitutions have been' ordained. In well-considered cases they have reached the conclusion that statutory rules of this kind do not in reality change the burden of proof, for while they permit the jury to take the facts upon which the statute lays stress as sufficient evidence of gnilt in the absence of explanation or contradiction, yet it is the right and duty of the jury, upon a survey of the whole case, to refuse to convict unless satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. The particular circumstances attendant upon any act or status, whether shown by the state or the accused, are usually necessary to a full understanding of its import; .and these the jury may con sider. -Bailey v. State, 161 Ala. 75 , 49 South. 886 ; People v. Cannon, 139 N. Y. 32 , 34 N. E. 759 , 36 Am. St. Rep. 668 ; Commonwealth v. Williams, 6 Gray (Mass.) 1 ; State v. Cunningham, 25 Conn. 195 . Prof. Wigmore in his work on the law of Evidence concludes his observations on the objection here taken to statutes of this character by saying: “There is here nothing conclusive, nothing prohibitive. So long as the party may exercise his freedom to introduce evidence, and jurors may exercise their freedom to weigh it rationally, no amount of irrational legislation can change the result. If the judiciary had long ago resented as unconstitutional that ill-advised species of legislative interference which forbade them to charge juries upon the weight of evidence, they need never have cared about the evidential effect of enactment of the present sort.” —Section 1354.

The point under consideration may be decided against the appellant on another ground also. The trial was *55 bad before the court and without the intervention of a jury, no jury being demanded. The question of the constitutionality of this feature of the statute was not specifically raised at the trial, nor could it well have been under the circumstances; nor can we know in any official Avay what influence, if any, the statutory rule of evidence may have had in determining the result. Circumstances were shown in connection with the keeping of the beer, as that claimant kept 13,680 bottles of it in an outhouse of flimsy construction, wholly unsuited, as we know, for the long keeping of beer in this climate, upon premises where he did not reside, which afforded inferences upon which the trial judge may have properly based a finding that it was kept in violation of law; that is, for some, purpose other than his personal use, and this without the help of the statutory rule. A jury would have been authorized to so find. We cannot, therefore, say that the judgment was erroneous on the ground here urged.

The judgment of the court below will be affirmed.

Affirmed.

Dowdell, C. J., and Anderson and Evans, JJ., concur.