Patterson v. State

ANDERSON, J.

The jury law (Acts Sp. Sess. 1909, p. 305 is a general law, and is exclusive, in so far as it may operate; and it applies to all courts in the state, and repeals all laws, local, special, or general, that may be in conflict therewith. This law, however, does not repeal article 8 p. 729, of the Criminal Code, as to what may constitute a grand jury, and which provides for its formation, oath, powers, duties, and business. Section 7282 provides that at least 15 persons must be sworn on the grand jury. Section 7283 says what must be done to complete the grand jury, if 15 do not appear; and it may be that the act provides the manner of completion, in case a sufficient number do not appear to constitute a legal grand jury of 15, and, therefore, repeals section 7283 to this extent, but no further. It is no doubt the purpose of the act to provide, in most cases, for the organization of a grand jury to be composed of 18 persons, and which can, as a rule, be done, in a large majority of cases, as section 18, requires that the first 18 drawn shall constitute the grand jury, and we know that in most of the courts in this state, and especially the circuit court, there are usually petit juries needed and used during the same week that the grand jury is organized, and when this is the case there will in almost *7 every instance be a sufficient number of persons present to assure 18 grand jurors, as the first 18 to be drawn shall constitute the grand jury; hut even in this instance, if there are hot enough jurors present to obtain 18 grand jurors, section 18 makes no provision requiring that the number be increased to 18, and under the terms of sections 7282, 7283, of the Code, the court would only have to increase the number when the number available was less than 15. Moreover, there are city and county courts in the state, and sometimes the circuit courts do not always have or need petit juries during the week of the organization of a grand jury, and the act provides for instances of this nature, by authorizing the judge to draw a venire for same, and which may contain such number of names as he may deem necessary.

It is true section 18 provides that they must be “drawn, summoned and impaneled, as provided in this act”; but the act in question does not require that 18 be impaneled, unless that number appears and is ready to serve, and does not preclude the organization of a grand jury from less than 18, leaving a field of operation for section 7282, which defines a grand jury of 15 as a legal one, and section 7283, which provides for an increase only in case the number is reduced below 15. This law was no doubt intended to reform, and to some extent revolutionize, the jury system, and in cases where the court had petit juries the same week of the organization of a grand jury there could be little difficulty in having a grand jury composed of 18 persons, thus giv: ing less opportunity to obstruct the finding of indictments by a few unscrupulous or obstreperous men who may be members thereof. So, too, would the grand jury be unknown until the drawing and organization, as all the names will go in the box, and no one can know who *8 would be the grand jurors until the first 18 names are drawn. The Legislature, however, had in mind numerous instances, where grand juries would be organized at times when petit juries were not needed or drawn, and made ample provision therefor, both in section 18 and section 21, and which clothe the judge with much discretion as to the number to be drawn, and nowhere does it appear in the act that it will require 18 persons to constitute a legal grand jury, or that it be organized with 18 persons, except where they appear and are ready for service. It results that in some instances a grand jury will be composed of 18 persons and in others it may consist of hut 15; but this condition has always prevailed, for under the old law, if all of the members drawn and summoned appeared and offered no excuse, they would all go on the grand jury, and, on the other hand, if the number was reduced to 15, there would still be a legal grand jury — the number ranging from a minimum of 15 to the maximum number of those drawn. We therefore hold that, there being 15 persons present and ready to serve as grand jurors, the trial court properly organized them into a legal grand jury. We are inclined to agree with-counsel for appellant that, if the grand jury was organized with a less number of persons than is required to constitute a legal grand jury, the action would not be saved by the curative influence of sections 23 and 29; but, as heretofore held, the grand jury was composed of the requisite number and was legally organized. • ' .....

The' grand jury returning this.indictment was ■ organized during a week'of the court when no petit juries wfere needed or'impaneled, and was drawn at a time, when rid petit jurors were drawn; and section'15 of the act requires the' drawing of 50 persons only when petit juries are also needed' for the-first week of the term. If' *9 a grand and petit jury are desired or needed, it would be tbe duty of tbe judge to draw 50 names; but when only a grand jury is desired, he has ample authority, under tbe act, to draw such number as be may deem, necessary. The law gave tbe judge tbe authority to draw tbe grand jury in question, and, bis order or action in so doing being authorized, tbe defendant can take no advantage, as to the time or manner of drawing same, or to tbe selection, summoning, or impaneling of same. Sections 23 and 29 of tbe act, page 305.

There is no merit in tbe point that only 14 members of tbe grand jury were present when tbe indictment was found. Section 7300 requires only tbe. concurrence of 12 jurors as being necessary, and section 7304 requires supplying a deficiency only in case tbe grand jury is reduced below 13. These sections are not affected by. the jury law of 1909. Tbe trial court did not err in rulings testing tbe validity of tbe indictment.

Section 32 of tbe jury law of 1909, in providing for juries to try capital cases, requires that tbe venire from which tbe jury to try tbe case must be drawn shall consist of not less than 50 nor more than 100 persons, including those drawn and summoned on tbe regular juries for tbe week. “On tbe day set for tbe trial, if tbe cause is ready for trial, -the court must inquire into and, pass upon tbe qualifications of all tbe persons who appear in court in response to tbe summons to serve as jurors, and shall cause tbe names of all those whom-tbe court 3nay bold to be competent to try tbe defendant or defendants to be placed on lists,” etc. This act was passed with á full knowledge of tbe method of- transacting-business in tbe trial courts,--and-the Legislature was cognizant of the fact, that,tbe regular jurors bad. other cases to try and might be engaged in the consideration of same when a capital case was called up for *10 trial, and under the repeated decisions of this court it has been held that the names of such regular jurors as were engaged in the trial of some other case did not have to go in the box upon the organization of the trial jury. The Legislature therefore intended that this act was in this respect subject to the established rulings of this court, as there is nothing contained therein to evince a contrary intent, and we hold that the trial court did not err in not ascertaining the qualification of those regular jurors engaged in the consideration of another case when the jury in question was being organized.

Dying declarations, in order to be admissible, must be made when the party malting them has the realization and solemn sense of impending death, when the motive for falsehood may be presumed to have been lost in the dispair of life. We think, however, a proper predicate was laid in the instant case, and the circumstances of which bring it within the influence of McEwen v. State, 152 Ala. 38 , 44 South. 619 , and Gregory v. State, 140 Ala. 16 , 37 South. 259 , and which differentiate this and those cases from the cases of Titus v. State, 117 Ala. 17 , 23 South. 77 , and Justice v. State, 99 Ala. 180 , 13 South. 658 . Here the deceased had received two ugly and severe wounds and died within less than a week after they were inflicted. He gradually grew worse and reached a semiconscious condition for a day or so before his death, and the declarations in question were made probably at a time when he was taking a turn for the worse, and he not only expressed the belief that he would never recover, on Sunday, but repeated it on Monday. Nor was the evidence, as to who shot him and how they shot him, a mere conclusion or opinion of the witness. Moreover, if it was, the objection to same did not take this point.

*11 It is true that, when a showing has been introduced for an absent witness, the opposite party will not be allowed to impeach the witness by proof of contradictory statements; the reason being that the necessary predicate cannot be laid. But the principle has no application when the impeachment is by showing the general bad character of the witness. —Gregory v. State, 140 Ala. 16 , 37 South. 259 , and cases there cited. A showing having been introduced by the defendant for the absent witness Dillard, the state was authorized to impeach him by proof of his general bad character.

There was no error in permitting the witness Baker to testify as to threats made by .the defendant against the deceased. The witness stated that they were made “six or seven months ago” — not years, as claimed in brief of counsel. The witness stated that he had known the defendant six or seven.years, but stated that the threats were made at “Mt. Zion Church six or seven months ago.” Nor was there any error in permitting the witness C'ook to testify that defendant told him on May 2d, which was just previous to the shooting on May 7th, that there was a difference between him and the deceased. It did not, perhaps, amount to a threat; but it tended to show ill will or animus, and its weight and sufficiency was a question for the jury.

There was no error in permitting the witness Cheney to state “that Wallace Patterson came to him while he was in the yard just before the shooting, and told him that there was going to be a fight.” Wallace Patterson had testified for the defendant, and this testimony tended to contradict him, by showing that he had either misrepresented or suppressed some of the facts and details Jnaturally affecting his testimony. The record also shows that a predicate was laid for. what the said Patterson told Cheney. The said Patterson testified on *12 cross-examination (page 19 of the record) : “I know Seaborne Clieney, and saw him just before the shooting occurred; but I did not tell him there was going to be a fight.”

While we have only discussed the questions worthy of consideration, the other objections and exceptions disclosed by the record have not been overlooked, and they are all without merit, and present no ruling that should reverse the case.

The judgment of the county court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

Dowdell, C. J., and Sayre and Somerville, JJ. concur.