Louisville & Nashville Railroad v. Sharp

SAYRE, J.

In framing' count C it was most likely the purpose of the pleader to state a case of intentional or wanton injury. The demurrer took the point that the count involved inconsistencies. It does fail to observe the distinction between intentional wrong and that wantonness which is the equivalent of intentional wrong, on one hand, and mere negligence or inadvertance, implying the absence of mental action in respect to the thing done, on the other. But nothing more need be said of the ruling on demurrer to the count, since that ruling is not assigned for error.

However, rulings of the court upon demurrers to pleas of contributory negligence again showed the court’s opinion that this count contained a sufficient statement of intentional and wanton injury. In this there was error. Plaintiff was in the defendant’s employment as one of a bridge crew, and was injured by falling from the hand car on which he was at the time riding. Another *214 car of the same description was following close behind. The substance of the charge made by the count is that one Murphy, who was foreman of the crew and in charge of the car “willfully and wantonly engaged the car on which plaintiff was riding and working in a race with said rear car, and said front car was run at a great and excessive rate of speed, and by reason of the wilful and wanton negligence of Steve Murphy in so engaging in said race and running said car at great and excessive speed the plaintiff was caused to fall therefrom, and was hurt.” The count fails to charge either wilful or wanton wrong. The plaintiff was at liberty to state in a very general way that Murphy willfully or wantonly caused his injury, and the means adopted in producing that result. But that is not the effect of the form of allegation adopted. To engage one car in a race with another, even though it be driven with great and excessive speed, does not necessarily involve an intention to injure. Nor does the allegation of such fact, without more, necessarily involve the inference that the act charged was done with a present consciousness that it would, under conditions known to exist at the time, probably result in disaster. That plaintiff would fall from the car did not necessarily follow from its operation at a great and excessive rate of speed. That one fact did follow upon the other does not necessarily indicate any mental action on the part of Murphy in respect to the relation of cause and effect between the two facts. As for everything alleged in the count, plaintiff’s fall never came within the field of Murphy’s mental vision, nor was it such a necessary consequence of what he is alleged to have done that he must for reasons of policy be held to have had it in contemplation. In short, consistently with everything alleged, defendant’s culpability, so far as its degree depends upon Murphy’s mental status or. action in respect *215 to plaintiff’s injury, may be characterized as the result of inadvertence, mere negligence; and construing the count against the pleader, it must be held to charge negligence onl y.— L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Orr, 121 Ala. 489 , 26 South. 35 ; Martin v. Union Springs, etc., Ry. Co., 163 Ala. 215 , 50 South, 897 , and authorities cited.

The complaint is found to contain two charges of negligence; One, that Murphy engaged, or permitted the car to engage, in a race; another, that he permitted the car to run at a great and excessive rate of speed. Of the first, we find no evidence in the record. In respect to the second, it is observed that there is no evidence tending to show that Murphy directed the speed at which the car was operated. He merely sat upon the car, saying-nothing. Plaintiff took part, along with other members of the crew, in propelling the car. The charge, then against Murphy, means that he ought to have interfered to warn and command plaintiff and the others to drivé the car more slowly. The dereliction here charged seems to-resemble more nearly a default in superintendence than any other for which the employer’s liability act provides a remedy. Plaintiff was of mature years and experienced in his work. As for anything appearing in the evidence, the danger of operating the car at the speed charged was as obvious to him as to the foreman. The duty of the foreman, as a representative of the defendant, did not require him to stand over the plaintiff at every turn to warn him of what he could as well see and know for himself. He may have properly left something to plaintiff’s instinct .of self-preservation, and to the exercise of those ordinary faculties which every one should use when his safety is known to be involved. An employee does not assume the risks incident to the negligence of a superintendent, or of a person to whose orders he is bound to conform, or of a person in charge or *216 control of locomotive, car, etc.; but he may be guilty of such contributory negligence as will bar his recorvery.- — Woodward Iron Co. v. Andrews, 114 Ala. 243 , 21 South. 440 ; Briggs v. Tenn. Co., 163 Ala. 237 , 50 South. 1025 . Prom the evidence it appears without conflict that the plaintiff contributed his efforts to drive the car at what he claims was a negligent rate of speed, under conditions already mentioned and this he did' without suggestion from the foreman as to the speed at which the car should be driven. If the foreman was guilty of negligence, so was the plaintiff.

There was error, also, in permitting the plaintiff to testify that he suffered much mental anguish. This court after, due consideration, has recently decided this point. Western Union v. Cleveland, 169 Ala. 131 , 53 South. 80 . Judge Mayfield adheres to the view^ shown by his dissent in that case but concurs in the reversal on other grounds.

Reversed and remanded.

Anderson, Mayfield, and Somerville, JJ., concur.