Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad v. Gants

The opinion of the court was delivered by Horton, C. J.:

On May 19, 1885, A. C. Gants, a hotel clerk at Wichita, took passage on a train of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railroad Company from Wichita to New *615 ton, intending to go to Peabody. He paid his fare to the conductor on the train from Wichita to Newton. He claims he was told by the conductor of the Wichita train that he could either continue on the train or go upon one an hour later. While at Newton, he purchased a ticket over the Atchison road for Peabody, and paid for it fifty cents. He remained at Newton nearly an hour to get shaved and look around the town, and about nine o’clock he took his seat in a car of a train at the depot; this was the eastern fast train, commonly called the “ cannon ball.” According to the regulations of the railroad company, this train was scheduled not to stop at Peabody except for the purpose of letting off passengers who had taken passage at some point west of Newton; but when it had no such passengers it would not stop at Peabody going east, and its first stopping-place would be Florence; Peabody is a station between Newton and Florence, about four miles west of Florence; the local train which stopped at Peabody left Newton before the cannon ball. According to the evidence of the railroad company, a brakeman upon the “cannon ball” announced before the train started that “it would not stop until it got to Florence.” Gants testified that just as the train started from Newton a trainman came to the car-door and said, “this train will not stop until it gets to Florence,” but he claims he did not know then where Florence is. He further testified:

“ Ques.: How long did the train which you say you boarded and saw headed toward the east, remain there ? Ans.: I think about twenty minutes.

“Q,. You had ample opportunity to get a ticket, and had ample opportunity to ask the men who were employed about that train, whether that train stopped at Peabody ? A. Yes, sir, I expect I did, if I wanted to.

“Q. You made no inquiries? A. No, sir.

“ Q,. It is a fact, from the time you arrived on the train going from Wichita to Newton you made no inquiries as to that train, as to what time the train started, and whether it stopped at Peabody ? A. No, sir.

“Q,. Never made any inquiries, either of the ticket agent or any person who had apparently charge there, although the *616 train was standing there fifteen or twenty minutes after it got there, and while you were there? A. I do not think I did.

“Q,. How soon did you get aboard this train before it started? A. I cannot say; .probably five minutes.”

Gants, however, testified that when he bought his ticket for Peabody at Newton, he was told by the agent who sold him the ticket, “to take the next train.”

After the “cannon-ball” train had left Newton and gone about three miles, the conductor called upon Gants for his ticket; he presented a ticket for Peabody, and the conductor informed him that the train did not stop at Peabody, and demanded from him thirty-four cents in addition to his ticket for the fare from Peabody to Florence; Gants refused to pay the additional fare; the conductor then informed him that if he did not pay, in addition to his ticket, the fare from Peabody to Florence, he would have to stop the train and put him off; Gants replied “ that he would have to put him off, as he would not pay any further;” the conductor then told him he would put him off, and stopped the train for that purpose; after the train had been stopped the conductor in a gentlemanly manner requested Gants to leave the train; he refused to get off, and dared the conductor to put him off; he resisted being put off to the utmost of his power and ability; on account of this resistance the conductor was unable himself to remove him; but with the assistance of two or three persons he succeeded in ejecting him from the train; after the train stopped, and while the conductor was attempting to ejecting Gants from the car, a severe altercation took place between them; the railroad company offered evidence tending to show that Gants during this time used vile and profane language to the conductor in the car, which contained many passengers, a number of them being ladies.

After Gants was ejected from the train he walked a portion of the way back to Newton, and then got upon a hand-car and rode to Newton, arriving there between ten and eleven o’clock in the forenoon; in the afternoon or evening of the same day, he went to Peabody from Newton upon a local train, and the *617 same day returned to Wichita. Upon his part, he claims that he was wrongfully ejected from the train, and was unlawfully kicked, bruised and injured in being ejected. This action was brought to recover damages therefor; verdict and judgment for Gants, for four thousand dollars. The railroad company moved for a new trial, which was refused, and it brings the case here.

1. Regulation — stopping only at certain stations. The important questions presented in the record are: First, whether the railroad company had the right to eject Gants from the train; second, if the railroad company had that right, and Gants resisted to the utmost of his power and ability, whether he can recover for the injuries inflicted in his removal, unless they were willful, wanton, or malicious. 2. Going and stopping-passenger to know. The law is well settled that, in the absence of statutory provisions to the contrary, a railroad company may a(Jopt a regulation that a certain train or trains of passenger cars running regularly on its road shall not stop at designated stations or places; and it is the duty of a person about to take passage on a railroad train to in- ^ 1 ° form himself when, where and how he can go or stop, according to the regulations of the company. (Railway Co. v. Nuzum, 50 Ind. 141 ; 9 Am. & Eng. Rld. Gases, 307, 317; 3 id. 340; Railway Co. v. Swarthout, 67 Ind. 567 ; Henry v. Railroad Co., 76 Mo. 288 .) In this state there is no statutory provision to the contrary, and as the train upon which Gants took passage was not to stop, under the regulations of the company, until it reached Florence, the conductor had the right, after the train started, to stop the train and require Gants to leave it, if he refused to pay the fare which, in addition to the sum paid for his ticket, would have entitled him to ride to Florence. (Fink v. Railroad Co., 4 Lans. [N. Y.] 147; Railroad Co. v. Pierce, 3 Am. & Eng. Rld. Gases, 340; The Penn. Co. v. Hine, 41 Ohio St. 276 .) It was the duty of the railroad company to the public to run its trains according to its regulations, and it was also the duty of Gants to have informed himself whether the train stopped at Peabody. It is claimed, however, upon his part, that when *618 he purchased his ticket he was told by the agent to take the next train, and therefore that he was without fault in getting upon the “ cannon ball.” In his direct examination, Gants testified:

“ Ques.: Upon your arrival at Newton, what did you do ? Ans.: I bought a ticket and went up town. ■

“ Q,. For what purpose ? A. I wanted to get shaved and look around the town a little.

“Q. How long did you remain in Newton ? A. Why, I should say a little over an hour; a little over an hour, perhaps.”

If he purchased his ticket immediately upon his arrival at Newton, the agent at the depot very properly told him “to take the next train,” as there was evidence tending to show that a local train which stopped at Peabody left Newton for the east soon after Gants reached there. Subsequently, in his examination, Gants testified that he bought his ticket after he got shaved and had looked around the town. If this be true, and he was misinformed by the ticket agent and thereby induced to take the fast train going east, which did not stop at Peabody, this would give him a remedy against the railroad company for its breach of contract, but would not justify him in refusing to leave the train when ordered so to do by the conductor. “The business of railroads can only be carried on safely by having regularity. If trains are arranged in a certain way and their time fixed with regard to limited stoppages, a conductor would never be safe if he were bound at his peril to ascertain from any mere stranger the existence of an agreement by the company to change the arrangement and stop at an unusual place.” (Railroad Co. v. Pierce, supra.)

6. ray fare, or get oír. Under all the evidence in the case, whether Gants was upon the train, by mistake, or wrongfully, he should have paid the extra fare to Florence, when demanded, or left the train when it stopped and he was ordered to get off. If his mistake was induced by the company’s ticket agent, then the fare from Peabody to Florence would be a proper element of damages, in addition to such as were occasioned by the failure to take him to Peabody on the train which he was *619 told to take. If, however, he was misinformed by the local agent, but subsequently, after entering the train and before it started, was afforded such means of correct information by the announcement of the brakeman, or otherwise, as a reasonable and prudent man would not neglect, he could not thereafter rely in good faith upon the incorrect statement of the agent from whom he bought his ticket. Even if Gants made a mistake in taking the train, induced by the ticket agent, it was not necessary for him to invite force to secure his legal demands. In Townsend v. Railroad, Co., 56 N. Y. 295 , Grover, J., said:

“No one has a right to resort to force to compel the performance of a contract made with him by another. He must avail himself of the remedies the law provides in such case.”

In Bradshaw v. Railroad Co., 135 Mass. 407 , Allen, J., said:

“If a railroad company has agreed to furnish a passenger with a proper ticket and has failed to do so, he is not at liberty to assert and maintain by force his rights under that contract; but he is bound to yield, for the time being, to the reasonable practice and requirements of the company, and enforce his rights in a more appropriate way. It is easy to perceive that in a moment of irritation or excitement, it may be unpleasant to a passenger who has once paid to submit to an additional exaction. But unless the law holds him to do this, there arises at once a conflict of rights. His right to transportation is no greater than the right and duty of the conductor to enforce reasonable rules, and to conform to reasonable and settled customs and practices, in order to prevent the company from being defrauded; and a forcible collision might ensue. The two supposed rights are in fact inconsistent with each other. If the passenger has an absolute right to be carried, the conductor can have no right to require the production of a ticket or the payment of fare. It is more reasonable to hold that, for the time being, the passenger must bear the burden which results from his failure to have a proper ticket.”

In Railroad Company v. Connell, 112 Ill. 295 , Craig, J., said:

“We entertain no doubt that appellee was entitled to recover the amount of the cost of a ticket from the place he *620 was ejected from the cars, to New York. He was also entitled to recover such damages as he sustained on. account of the delay occasioned by the expulsion, and all additional expense necessarily occasioned thereby, as well as reasonable damages for the indignity in being expelled from the train; but we perceive no ground upon which he can recover for personal injuries received, unless the expulsion was malicious or wanton.”

In Hall v. Railroad Co., 15 Fed. Rep. 61, Hammond, J., said:

7. passenger not to increase0106 damages. “ The conductor is somewhat like the master of a ship. He has police powers and disciplinary control over the train, and the quiet and comfort of the passengers and their safety are under his protection. He should be obeyed by the passengers, and the common notion that force must be invited to secure legal demands against his unlawful exactions, is in my judgment erroneous and vicious. All that a passenger need do is to express his dissent to the demand made upon him, and he need not require force to be exerted to secure his rights, certainly not to increase his damages. ... I fully recognize the feeling of a Tree American citizen’ in the face of threatened wrong or insult, but the safety of the ship forbids that he should fight with the master, and imperil the ship and lives and property she carries. Better that he should suffer the wrongs than to endanger or discomfort his fellow-passengers. The conductor of a railroad train is not altogether as supreme, perhaps, as the master of a ship; but on analogous principles, that seem to me obvious, it is, I think, the duty of a passeuger to avoid resistance beyond mere dissent, and submit to his authority without more than mere protest, unless resistance is necessary to defend himself against impending personal injuries.” (See also S. K. Rly. Co. v. Rice, ante, p. 398; S. K. Rly. Co. v. Hinsdale, ante, p. 507.)

8. trespasfer’on train, when. Clearly, if Gants was a trespasser upon the train, as this case was put to the jury, then the conductor had the right to put him off, and it was his duty to go off with-out being forced to do so. ° *621

5. Ejection; force, how to be used; liability

*620 If the conductor had # the right to put him off, Gants at the same time could not have a legal right to resist, and necessarily he could not resist the conductor in the discharge of a duty and the *621 exercise of a right and by that resistance acquire a right to resort to any force to overcome it. Of course we J do not intend to intimate that a trespasser upon a train can be treated in a willful, wanton and malicious. manner. (K. C. Ft. S. & G. Rld. Co. v. Kelly, 36 Kas. 655 .)

In the conclusion which we have reached regarding the right of the conductor to eject Gants from the train, even if he made a mistake in taking it, induced by the ticket agent, upon his refusal to pay the fare demanded, we do not overlook the fact that a railroad company is a public carrier, and that some of the authorities are in conflict with the doctrine herein announced. A moving train filled with passengers, including ladies and children, is not the place for a wrangle, a quarrel or a fight with the conductor. The interests of the public are to be considered in such a case, as well as the interests of a private individual. As was said in Railroad Co. v. Connell, supra, “It would be unwise and dangerous for the traveling public to adopt any rule which might encourage resort to violence on a train of cars.” This conclusion will prevent breaches of the peace upon railroad trains instead of producing them, and at the same time will fully protect the passenger, by making the company responsible for all damages resulting from any breach of its contract. In addition to this, if a passenger has suffered in his business, or been put to expense by the delay or refusal of the railroad company to carry him as promised by its ticket agent, he would be entitled to ample damages therefor. 4. Trespasserejected from train, when. In this connection it is well to state that where a trespasser is ejected from a train, such ejection may be at a place other than a depot, or station, provided care is taken not to expose his person to serious mmry or danger; but in such an election -i^-i . 7 . J the railroad company is not required to have consideration for the mere convenience of the wrongdoer. (Lillis v. Railway Co., 64 Mo. 464 ; McClure v. Railroad Co., 34 Md. 532 ; Railway Co. v. Miller, 19 Mich. 305 ; O’Brien v. Railroad Co., 15 Gray, 20 .)

*622 The trial court'in its instructions to the jury treated Gants as a trespasser upon the train, after he refused to pay fare from Peabody to Florence, and to leave the train; but further instructed the jury as follows:

“8. If you find from the evidence that an unnecessary degree of force was employed, and that plaintiff was injured thereby, in that case he would be entitled to recover in this action.”

“11. But in determining what is a reasonable degree of force under the circumstances of this case, you should consider the amount of resistance opposed by the plaintiff to those who were attempting to eject him, and if you find that the plaintiff suffered injuries which were the direct and necessary result of the application of force rendered necessary by his own resistance, he cannot recover for such injuries; but the use of a degree of force disproportionate to the resistance to be overcome would render the trainmen wrongdoers in turn, and would render the company liable for any injuries committed by reason thereof.

“12. I instruct you that if the plaintiff had exerted himself to the utmost in resisting the efforts of the trainmen to expel him, and that, in overcoming such resistance the trainmen used more force and violence than were necessary for the purpose, and without any intention to commit unnecessary injury, plaintiff was injured thereby, in such a case the resistance offered by the plaintiff may be considered in mitigation of damages.”

“ 20. If, under the evidence and instructions of the court, the jury find for the plaintiff, then in estimating the plaintiff's damages, if any are proved, you have a right to take into consideration the personal injury inflicted upon him, the pain and suffering undergone by him, in consequence of his injuries, if any are proved, the loss of time occasioned thereby, the reasonable cost of medical attendance, and also the permanent loss or damage, if any is shown, arising from disability, resulting to the plain tiff from the injury in question, rendering him less capable of attending to his business than he would have been if the injury had not been received; plaintiff would also be entitled for any sum of money lost by him as a direct consequence of the wrongful acts complained of, and if they were wrongful, any money was so lost; and if you further find from the evidence that the injury complained of was inflicted wantonly or willfully, and that the plaintiff has sustained damages *623 thereby, then the jury are not limited in assessing the damages to mere compensation for damages actually sustained, but you may give him a further sum by way of exemplary or vindictive damages, as a protection to the plaintiff and as a salutary example.”

The railroad company requested the following instruction, which was refused:

“ In determining the question in this case as to whether the trainmen on the train from which plaintiff was ejected used more force or violence than was necessary to be used in ejecting plaintiff from such train, you are to take into consideration the amount of resistance offered by plaintiff to such ejection; and if you find that he resisted the attempt of the conductor to put him off from such train’with all the force and power he was capable of using, then, and in such a case, you are instructed that the law will not with a nicety .weigh the amount of force necessary to be used in overcoming such resistance, and that in such case the defendant would only be liable in a case of palpable and perfectly apparent use of force beyond that which was clearly necessary to be used in overcoming the resistance offered by plaintiff.”

If Gants was a trespasser upon the train, the conductor had the right to eject him, and we think the railroad company can only be made responsible for the injuries inflicted which were willful, wanton, or malicious.

In refusing to give the instruction prayed for, and in giving to the jury the twelfth instruction, and also the twentieth, the court made the railroad company liable in damages for all excessive force used in overcoming the resistance of Gants, although such force was used “without any intention on the part of the conductor or those assisting him to commit injury.” The first clauses of the twentieth instruction permitted Gants to recover for “the personal injuries inflicted upon him, and the suffering undergone by him in consequence of his injuries,” although a part of the injuries may have been occasioned in overcoming his own unlawful resistance. In Galbraith v. Fleming, (Mich.) 27 N. W. Rep. 581 , the court said:

“ The law does not put a premium upon fighting, and one who voluntarily enters into a quarrel will not be afforded re *624 lief for his own wrong in damages, if he come out second best. While the voluntary act on the part of the plaintiff would not preclude the state from punishing him or the defendant for a breach of the peace, it nevertheless prevents him from bringing a civil action to recover compensation for injuries received by his own seeking and in violation of law.”

In Taylor v. Clendening, 4 Kas. 524 , it was held that—

“Where a person who was the original aggressor in an affray, met with too vigorous a defense and sued for damages on account of the injuries, could not recover of his intended victim.”

It has been decided by this court, time and again, that whenever it appears that the plaintiff’s negligence or wrongful act had a material effect in producing the injury, or substantially contributed toward it, he is not entitled to recover; and further, that if a plaintiff is first in fault in infringing upon a defendant’s rights, the defendant is absolved from all but slight care, and is liable only for gross or wanton negligence. (U. P. Rly. Co. v. Rollins, 5 Kas. 167 ; K. P. Rly. Co. v. Pointer, 14 id. 37.) In the latter case it was said by Brewer, J.:

“Many considerations, especially the difficulty of correctly apportioning the damages, and determining to what extent the wrong of the respective parties was instrumental in causing the injury, uphold the rule so universally recognized, that where the wrong, the negligence of both parties, contributes to the injury, the law will not afford any relief.”

In this case, Gants could have remained upon the train and gone to Florence by paying the fare from Peabody to that station; or, when the train stopped he could have left the train when requested to do so by the conductor in a gentlemanly manner; and it is .clearly evident that if he had done either, he would not have suffered any personal injuries at the hands of the conductor or trainmen. He stubbornly refused to pay the additional fare, and also forcibly resisted when requested to leave the train. He did all of this after the conductor had informed him that the train would not stop at Peabody, and that he must pay to Florence or get off. Under the rule established in this state in Taylor v. Clendening, so *625 long ago as 1868, Gants ought not to recover, even if his resistance might have been overcome with something of less force than the conductor and his assistants actually used, unless such excessive force was willful, wanton, or malicious.

By resisting to the utmost of his power and ability, Gants invited force; and he ought not to complain of the force used if there was no intention upon the part of the conductor or his assistants to commit unnecessary injury. On the other hand, if Gants, although a trespasser upon the train,' received injuries which were the direct and necessary result of willful, wanton or malicious acts of the conductor, or those assisting him, he is entitled to his damages. (K. C. Ft. S. & G. Rld. Co. v. Kelly, supra.)

Counsel for Gants insist that the decisions are that a trespasser can recover for all injuries arising from the use of unnecessary force, without regard to whether it was willful, wanton, or malicious; and also insist that this court has recognized this rule in M. K. & T. Rld. Co. v. Weaver, 16 Kas. 456 ; and K. P. Rly. Co. v. Kessler, 18 id. 523 . In the Weaver case, the railway company was found by the jury to have been the aggressor after the passenger had been ejected and put upon the ground. The expulsion in that case was held to have been wrongful, but as it did not seem to the court to have been wanton, or excessively cruel, the damages were deemed excessive and the judgment reversed. In the Kessler case the court held that in the wrongful expulsion of the passenger from the train, the railroad company was guilty of such gross negligence as amounted to wantonness; and yet, even then, with much hesitation it affirmed a judgment of eight hundred and twenty dollars only.

In several of the cases cited by counsel, where damages have been allowed for unnecessary force, the unnecessary force was wanton or malicious. In McKinley v. Rld. Co., 44 Iowa, 314 , the acts of the brakeman, for which the company was held liable, were malicious and criminal. In Bass v. Rly. Co., 39 Wis. 636 , the passenger peaceably and lawfully entered a ladies’ car in *626 which there were many vacant seats, and when about to occupy one was rudely and violently seized by a brakeman, aided by a volunteer, and forcibly thrust from the car. The passenger was not at first requested to leave the car, or forbidden to enter it. In that case, the assault was willful, wanton, and malicious. In Jackson v. Rld. Co., 47 N. Y. 274 , the passenger tendei’ed five cents for fare on a street car and the conductor demanded six. This was refused. The conductor caught the passenger around the waist and stopped the car to put him out. The passenger refused to leave the car, and resisted; the conductor struck him a blow on his nose, but made no further attempt to eject him. The blow struck by the conductor was held by the trial court to have been willful and malicious; and the case was reversed, because it was not left to the jury to determine whether the act was done without malice or ill-feeling. In Hanson v. Rly. Co., 62 Me. 84 , after the passenger had ceased all resistance and was returning to his seat with his back to the brakeman, the latter struck him several blows with an iron poker, two feet long and half an inch in diameter, about the head and shoulders and over the eye. Evidently the assault of the brakeman in this case was also willful, wanton, and malicious. In Coleman v. Rld. Co., 106 Mass. 160 , the passenger who was ejected was struck two or three heavy blows behind the ear, and thrown bodily upon the platform of the depot. The trial court in that case instructed the jury that the railroad company was responsible for excessive or unreasonable force; but also stated to the jury that the passenger “had no right to resist the process of being put out.” In the opinion in that case, it was said that—

“Violence on the part of the passenger would increase the violence necessary and proper to be used on the part of the employés; and if it contributed in any degree to the violence of his fall, or to the aggravation of his disease, he cannot recover for the injuries he received. The burden was on him to prove that his own illegal acts did not in any degree contribute to the alleged injury, but that it was wholly caused by the wrongful acts of the railroad company’s servants.”

*627 This language plainly implies that the unnecessary force must be wanton or malicious.

We think a critical examination of the decisions will demonstrate the general rule to be that where parties are permitted to recover solely on account of injuries inflicted by unnecessary force, or excessive violence, the facts in the cases disclose that the force or violence used was willful, wanton, or malicious; and that in most of the cases “unnecessary force” or “excessive violence” was used as synonymous or tantamount to wanton or malicious force.

But counsel insist that the excessive force used in this case’ was willful and wanton; and therefore that the judgment should not be disturbed. We cannot assent to this. Under the instructions the jury were not authorized to separate the force used in overcoming obstinate and forcible resistance with no intention to commit injury, from the force that was used willfully, wantonly, or maliciously, if any such force was used. Even if Gants was upon the train under the direction of the ticket agent and without fault on his part, as before remarked he should have paid the extra fare to Florence, as he was able to do, or left the train when it stopped. Eor the mistake of the ticket agent, or the wrong of the railroad company, if any, he had ample remedy. (S. K. Rly. Co. v. Rice, supra; Mfg. Co. v. Boyce, 36 Kas. 350 .)

*628

8. profane language-incompetent’ evidence.

*627 As a new trial must be ordered, we will dispose of the minor alleged errors: There was evidence on the part of the railroad company that prior to his removal from the train, Gants used vile, obscene and profane language. Gants introduced two witnesses to show that he was not in the habit of using obscene or profane language. One of the witnesses testified that he had known Gants over a year, and that he never heard him “use half a dozen oaths in his life.” Another witness testified that he never heard him “ use obscene language in public, but that he might have heard him make use of an oath sometimes, but not frequently.” We do not think the answers of the witnesses very material, or as tending to prove much. *628 Whether Gants had a great propensity to use obscene language, not imPortant. If such evidence were permitted, it would present a collateral issue, and we do not think, under the authorities, that this evidence in this kind of a case is competent. (Thompson v. Bowie, 4 Wall. 463 ; Commonwealth v. Kennon, 130 Mass. 39 .)

Also, the question permitted to be asked upon cross-examination of one of the witnesses as to the number of saloons in Las Animas and La Junta, Colorado, was wholly improper, because it did not tend to rebut, impeach, modify or explain any of his testimony.

9. Conductor represents company as to his own route. Again, we do not think that the evidence of what the conductor of the Wichita train told Gants was admissible. If it were true, it was not sufficient ground for Gants to refuse to pay his fare to Florence, or to resist removal from the train. A conductor in the line of his duty in collecting t ... ° fare, taking up tickets and in giving information the pagseDgerg on jjjs train, represents the company as to the running and operation of his own train, but in this case the Wichita train stopped at Newton, and Gants had to change cars at that place in order to go to Peabody. In the case of Railroad Co. v. Gilbert, 22 Am. & Eng. Rld. Cases, 405, cited, the conductor instructed the passenger to keep her seat upon his train, although she had a ticket for a train that branched off in another direction. The court there very properly held that the answer of the conductor was equivalent to saying she was on the right train; and held the railroad company responsible in damages, but did not intimate that she could have increased her damages by refusing to leave the train when ordered. (See Railroad Co. v. Carper, 14 N. E. Rep. 352; 13 id. 122 .) There was some evidence tending to show that Gants was removed from the train with the assistance of one or two passengers; and it is claimed on the part of the railroad company that the company is not responsible for their acts, unless they were requested by the conductor to assist. *629

10. Ejection- wanton and malicious force used-liability

*628 It was not necessary that the conductor should have

*629 given express directions to all concerned in the ejection, but if any passenger aided the conductor, , • i i • . n or trainmen, with his permission and sanction, a jury might infer an employment. If, on the other hand, the passengers were mere interlopers, and the conductor had no opportunity to interfere with their actions, it would not be fair that the railroad company should be held responsible for their acts.

The judgment of the district court will be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.

All the Justices concurring.