Jones v. Jones

Grason, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The main questions arising upon this appeal are, whether the appellees are nephews and nieces of Andrew I). Jones, deceased, and, if they are, whether they are entitled to a distributive share of his estate? After a careful examination of the evidence in the record, we are satisfied that Andrew D. Jones and David Jones were the sous of Kate Jones, and brothers, and that the appellees are the children of David and Hannah Jones. Without entering, in this opinion, into a detailed review of the evidence, it is sufficient to say that it leaves no doubt that David Jones was married, while yet a slave, to Hannah Williams, a free woman, and that some of her children were born before David became free and some afterwards, and that David and his brother Andrew were both manumitted by Margaret Gardner by deeds, both of which were executed on the 10th of November, 1814, and recorded on Jhe 26th of the same month — David’s freedom to commence five years and Andrew’s six months thereafter. David and Hannah lived together as man and wife, and acknowledged and treated each other as such, and were so recognized by all who knew them, long after David’s emancipation, and up to the time of Hannah’s death, which appears to have *454 taken place about thirty years ago; and David died twelve or fifteen years ago. Andrew died in August, 1870, leaving the appellant his widow, but no child and no relatives other than the appellees, who are his nephews and nieces. They are therefore entitled to their distributive share of his estate, unless they are incapable of inheriting by reason of their father and uncle having been at one time slaves. It has been urged in argument that the marriage of David and Hannah was void by reason of its having taken place while David was a slave, and that therefore their children had no heritable blood; and several authorities-were referred to in support of this proposition. Among these is an opinion of Dfiel Dulafey, Esqr., given in 1767, and contained in 1 H. & McH., 559 . The facts upon which that opinion was based were, that A, a mulatto slave, obtained his freedom and purchased land in fee, and died intestate and without issue. B, also a mulatto slave, and brother of A, obtained his freedom after the death of A, and died, leaving children by a slave woman, whose freedom he had purchased — some of the, children having been born during the slavery of their mother and purchased with her, and some having been born afterAvards — and the question Avas, whether these children could inherit the property of Avhich their uncle died seized, or Avhether it escheated to the State. It Avill at once be seen from the statement of the facts, that B could not inherit, nor, a'fter his death, could his children ; because at the time of A’s death, B and his children, then born, were all slaves, and there being no one then in existence capable of inheriting, the property escheated. It does not appear from the facts, stated in the opinion, that B and the mother of the children had ever been married, and this fact alone, if there had been no other impediment, Avould have been sufficient to prevent the children from inheriting A’s property. Iii the other eases, referred to by the appellant’s counsel, the parties claiming the property Avere slaAms at the death of the party from Avhom they claimed to inherit, and of course could not take the *455 property. But in the case before us, the appellees were born of a free woman, and were themselves free from their birth and capable of inheriting. Their father, it is true, had been a slave at one time, but his slavery did not affect his children’s condition • and he became free fifty years before Andrew’s death. Mr. Dulaney argues that a slave could not marry because he was a slave, and a contract of marriage would be an invasion of the master’s rights. But ten years after bis opinion was prepared, by the Act of 1777, ch. 12, sec. 11, the Legislature authorized slaves to marry with the assent of their owners, and, whatever the law may have been in this respect before, they could lawfully marry thereafter. Although the marriage would not confer civil rights upon them, .and in no maimer change or affect the relation of master and slave, yet it was legalized, and consecpiently the issue would be legitimate. As the proof is sufficient to satisfy us that David aud Hannah Jones were married, we must presume, nothing appearing to the contrary, that they were married with the consent of the mistress of David. When he afterwards acquired his freedom, certain civil rights vested in him, as a consequence, such as the right to acquire by purchase or inheritance, and to hold and dispose of property. Upon his death the property of which he might then be seized or possessed would descend upon his children, they being free.

Mr. Dulaney further argues that the validity of a marriage depends upon the immediate effect of its celebration, and that, if it is not valid then, it could not be made good by the subsequent accidental circumstance that the parties acquired their freedom, and to illustrate the argument, he puts the case of a man marrying a woman while he bad a wife still living, and says that the accidental circumstance of the first Avifc dying would not make the second marriage valid. It is true that in such a case the second marriage AArould not be made valid by the death of the first wife, because a marriage under such circumstances is a great moral wrong, and a high crime *456 under the law. But there are cases in which marriages, contracted between parties not capable of contracting at the time of the marriage, are made valid by the subsequent ratification of the parties, as in the cases of lunatics and infants, and that without any other or new celebration. Cole vs. Cole, 5 Sneed, 63 ; Wightman vs. Wightman, 4 Johns. Chan. Reps., 345; 1 Blackst. Comm., 436. We think that the same law.should apply to cases of marriages between slaves, who ratify 'the marriage after they become free. Bishop, in his work on Marriage and Divorce, vol. I, sec. 162, says, in referring to the case of Howard vs. Howard, 6 Jones’ (N. C.) Reps., 235 : “In the facts of this case there is involved the particular matter upon which the writer of these volumes deems that the decision, in all such cases, ought in principle to turn. If, after the emancipation, the parties live tpgether as husband and wife, and, if before emancipation, they were married in the form which either usage or law had established for the marriage of slaves, this subsequent mutual acknowledgment of each other as husband and wife, should be held to complete the act of matrimony, so as to make them lawfully and fully married from the .time at which this subsequent living together commenced.” No legal marriage could be contracted by slaves under the civil law, yet it recognized a relation between them, which was termed conturbernium, and, although this relation conferred no civil rights upon the parties, yet, when they became free, their children being free, although born in slavery, could inherit from each other and from their parents. Code Justinian, Lib. 3, title 7, p. 32.

After David Jones became free, he continued to live with • Hannah as his wife to the time of her death, they recognizing and treating each other as husband and wife, and taking their children to the church which they were in the habit of attending, to be baptized. We should be extremely reluctant to hold a marriage, which had taken place with the consent of the owner of slaves, and under the sanction of a Statute, and thus ratified after they became free, to be, void, and the issue *457 of it bastards, merely because the parties to it were slaves at the time it was celebrated, and thus prohibit them from inheriting property from their parents or from each other after they became free. There is- no doubt that the appellees are capable in law of inheriting from their uncle Andrew D. Jones, and are entitled to a distributive share of his estate.

Exceptions were taken by the appellant to certain interrogatories propounded to witnesses by the counsel of the appellees, as leading. They go to the form of the question merely, and should have been made and noted at the time they were put, in order that the party might have had an opportunity of remodelling them. If not made at that time, they cannot be made afterwards. Smith vs. Cooke, 31 Md., 179 .

Exceptions were also taken to the admission in evidence of the declarations of Kate, David and Andrew D. Jones, as to the relationship existing between them, and between them and the appellees. Evidence of declarations of the members of a family as to pedigree, are always admissible. Charlotte Hall School vs. Greenwell, 4 G. & J., 416 ; Cope’s Adm’r. vs. Pearce, 7 Gill, 262 -263; Craufurd vs. Blackburn, 17 Md., 54 .

It was also argued that the petitioners were incompetent as witnesses under the Act of 1868, ch. 116, the other party being administratrix. It is very clear that they do not come within either the letter or spirit of the exception, which is alleged to exclude them. The object of the Act was to place parties upon an equal footing and to exclude the other party, when one party to the contract, &c., was dead, lunatic, &c. In the case before us there was no contract between the deceased and the appellees, which the latter are endeavoring to enforce against his estate, nor is this a suit against his administratrix for the purpose of establishing a charge against her intestate or his estate. But it is a contest between his widow and the appellees, who claim to bo next of kin and heirs-at-law of the intestate, as to the manner in which his estate shall bo distributed, the widow claiming the whole, and the appellees the one-half. There is nothing in the Act of *458 1868 to exclude them, and they are clearly competent. It was also urged that the evidence given by the appellees, who were examined as witnesses, 'is not to be relied on, inasmuch as they swore to. having seen some of the entries made in the bible, produced at the trial and which they swore was their father’s family bible, when the bible itself shows that it was published after the time when some of those entries bear date. It will however be seen from the evidence that only one of the appellees can write, and he only sufficiently well to sign his name, and that the bible referred to passed through the hands of several members of the family, and it may be that the entries may have been copied from the bible in which, they were originally made into that, which was produced at the trial, and the latter was taken by these illiterate and ignorant people for the former, especially as it is well known that a very large number of bibles of similar size and appearance are constantly being distributed by the Bible Societies of the State and counties. These three appellees who testified may, therefore, have been readily mistaken as to the bible, and yet not have been guilty of wilful falsehood. But even if their testimony is thrown out of the case, the facts, necessary to the establishment of the appellees’ case, are proved by ten or eleven other witnesses who are entirely uncontradicted by those who testified in behalf of the appellant. The testimony of the latter was altogether of a negative character, that they had no knowledge whether or not there was any relationship between David and his children, and Andrew D. Jones.

(Decided 20th June, 1872.)

We concur in the rulings of the Orphans’ Court, and are of opinion that the appellees are entitled to one-half o'f their uncle’s estate, and the decree appealed from will be affirmed.

Decree affirmed.