Turnbull v. Michigan Central Railroad

KUHN, J.

(after stating the facts). As a preliminary question it is contended that, the plaintiffs being copartners doing business as the Turnbull Elevator Company, there had not been a sufficient compliance with Act No. 101, Public Acts of 1907 (2 How. Stat. [2d Ed.] § 2626 et seq.), so as to permit plaintiffs to maintain this suit. Irrespective of whether there was in this case a sufficient compliance with the statute, we are of the opinion that the defendant is not in a position to urge this defense, as there was no notice to that effect given with the plea. This defense is clearly an affirmative defense, and unless pleaded it must be considered that it was waived. Circuit Court Rule 1(b) provides:

“An affirmative defense, such as payment, release, satisfaction, discharge, license, fraud, or failure of consideration in whole or in part, and any defense which by other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the *217 legal effect of or defeat the cause of action set forth in plaintiff’s declaration, must be plainly set forth in a notice added to the defendant’s plea. The signature of the defendant’s attorney following such a notice shall be a sufficient signing of both the plea and the notice.”

This defense is affirmative matter upon which defendant relies “to defeat the cause of action set forth in plaintiff’s declaration.” It is true that in Cashin v. Pliter, 168 Mich. 386 ( 134 N. W. 482 , Ann. Cas. 1913C, 697), under the plea of the general issue, this court passed on the merits of the question, but an examination of the records and briefs in that case shows that it was not brought to the attention of this court, and the question of whether it was necessary to specially plead this defense under Rule 7, supra, was not decided. It has been held in other jurisdictions that the defense that the plaintiffs are doing business under an assumed name without having complied with a statute such as Act No. 101 is an affirmative defense and is waived unless pleaded in the answer. Carlock v. Cagnacci, 88 Cal. 600 ( 26 Pac. 597 ); California Savings & Loan Society v. Harris, 111 Cal. 133 ( 43 Pac. 525 ); Vaughan v. Kujath, 44 Mont. 484 ( 120 Pac. 1121 ); Reilly v. Hatheway, 46 Mont. 1 ( 125 Pac. 417 ); Bowman v. Harrison, 59 Wash. 56 ( 109 Pac. 192 ); Hale v. Transfer Co., 66 Wash. 459 ( 119 Pac. 837 ).

The other question which is before us is whether or not there was a misdelivery of this consignment of beans by the carrier in view of the shipping instructions of the consignor, as shown by their bill of lading. It is contended by the defendant and appellant that this question is .governed by the decision of this court in the case of Nelson Grain Co. v. Railroad Co., 174 Mich. 80 ( 140 N. W. 486 ). In that case a shipper consigned beans to his own order, notify X, *218 under a bill of lading with a surrender provision. Later, by means of a spurious bill of lading, he ordered the carrier to deliver, to X, which the carrier did without requiring the surrender of the genuine bill of lading. The court said:

"Having made delivery of the shipments to the parties named in the bills of . lading upon the order of Botsford and Barrett as directed in the bills, we think the defendant should be held to have performed its full duty in the premises.”

In other words, the consignor-consignee, who had control of the goods and.upon whose order they were to be delivered, ordered a delivery to X. The consignor-consignee thus waived his right and his protection under the surrender provision, and is estopped from asserting it against the carrier, which made the delivery as ordered.

I do not think it can be said that the stipulation in the bill of lading that the surrender thereof shall be required before delivery is solely for the benefit of the carrier, and we did not so hold in the Nelson Grain Co. Case, as it was there said:

"Whether the stipulation in the bill of lading that surrender thereof shall be- required before delivery is considered to be for the benefit of the carrier or the shipper would seem in this case to make no difference, for the plaintiff was not the shipper.”

It is manifestly for the benefit and protection of both shipper and carrier. But, while it affords a benefit to the carrier, the carrier certainly need not insist upon it when it would be fully protected in a delivery without a surrender.

In the Nelson Grain Co. Case, Mr. Justice Brooke, in his opinion, also says:

“The bills of lading here considered are entirely unambiguous, and show conclusively that Botsford and *219 Barrett were the shippers, and that the shipments were made to their order.”

And again:

“An examination of that paper (the bill of lading) shows that the plaintiff was an utter stranger to the transaction, except that as to the last bill its name appears beneath that of Botsford and Barrett, shipper, with the prefix ‘per.’ This can have but one meaning, viz., that the beans were shipped by Bots-ford and Barrett; the plaintiff acting for them in the transaction.”

In the instant case the plaintiff is the consignor, and not a stranger to the transaction, and gave no order for the delivery of the beans, and so it cannot be said that the surrender provision in the contract of shipment, the bill of lading, was waived. Here the shipper placed his property in possession of the carrier, which gave him a bill of lading, making a contract'between them which in most positive terms says that its surrender shall be required before the delivery of the property, and upon this agreement the shipper had a right to rely.

It is true that prima facie the consignee is the owner of the goods shipped, but it is equally true, and the rule is well established, that, when there is an order bill of lading outstanding, the carrier delivering the goods without requiring the presentation of the bill does so at its peril, and is liable to a bona fide holder thereof, This is sustained by the following decisions: McEwen v. Railroad Co., 83 Ind. 368 ( 5 Am. Rep. 216 ); The Thames, 7 Blatchf. 226 , Fed. Cas. No. 13,859; First Nat. Bank of Clarkston v. Navigation Co., 25 Idaho, 58 ( 136 Pac. 798 ); Merchants’ Nat. Bank v. Steamboat Co., 102 Md. 573 ( 63 Atl. 108 ); Canandaigua Nat. Bank v. Railway Co., 155 App. Div. (N. Y.) 53 ( 139 N. Y. Supp. 561 ); *220 Barnum Grain Co. v. Railway Co., 102 Minn. 147 ( 112 N. W. 1030, 1049 ).

Because of this conclusion, we consider it unnecessary to discuss the question of the liability of the carrier under the provisions of the uniform bills of lading act, Act No. 165, Public Acts of 1911.

The judgment is affirmed.

McAlvay, C. J., and Brooke, Stone, Ostrander, Bird, Moore, and Steere, JJ., concurred.