Arbuckle v. State

Whiteield, C. J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

We think § 48 Y0 of the code of 1892 covers the character of objections made here as to the arraignment. No objection of any kind was made in the court below on the ground that the record showed no arraignment or plea of not guilty. Such failure to show arraignment and plea is cured by the failure to object in the court below. It was competent for the legislature to provide that the failure to object on the ground that there was omission in the record to show any fact not jurisdictional should preclude the appellant from making the point here, but it was not competent for the legislature to provide that the failure in the record to state jurisdictional facts might be so cured. Therefore we disapprove and overrule the declaration in Hunt v. State, 61 Miss., 580 , that no case can be reversed in this court by reason of omission in the record to show jurisdictional facts. Arraignment and plea are not jurisdictional.. They are mere steps in the process of the trial of the case, which the circuit court had full jurisdiction to try. We refer specially to three cases (People v. Bradner, 10Y N. Y., 9, 10 ( 13 N. E., 87 ); Spicer v. People, 11 Ill. App., 297 ; and Long v. People, 102 Ill., 336 — the last especially) to show that arraignment and plea are not jurisdictional.

In People v. Bradner the court say: “The learned counsel for the defendant raises the further objection that the defendant was not arraigned, and did not plead to the indictment. The authorities are quite numerous to the effect that in a criminal case an arraignment and plea are essential and necessary preliminaries to a legal trial upon an indictment. 4 Bl. Comm., 322; Bish. Cr. Proc., sec. 684; 3 Whart. Or. Law, sec. 3154. Section 296 of the Code of Criminal Procedure declares that when the indictment is filed the defendant must be arraigned thereon. The defendant, on arraignment, may either demur *21 or plead to the indictment (sec. 321), and the plea makes the issue of law or fact to be tried. The object of the arraignment is to inform the defendant of the charge against him, and to call on him to answer the indictment. 4 Bl. Oomm., 322. A formal plea of not guilty is not necessary to put the defendant on trial. Under the Revised Statutes (2 Rev. St., 730, sec. 70) a demand of trial by a defendant was declared to be equivalent to a plea of not guilty. It is sufficient, we think, to constitute an issue that the defendant, on his arraignment, informs the court that he denies the charge, or that he demands a trial. We are of the opinion that the record in this case does sufficiently show an arraignment and plea. The record states that on May 13, 1885, the ‘defendant on arraignment pleaded not guilty.’ The record then proceeds: ‘Subsequently, and after arraignment as aforesaid, the defendant, by leave of the court, withdrew his plea, and moved the court to dismiss the indictment, under subdivision 2, § 313, Code Or. Proc.’ Then follow the affidavits on which the motion to dismiss was made, and the decision of the court denying the motion; also a statement of the proceedings and evidence on the trial, and the finding by the jury of a verdict of guilty. It does not appear that there was a formal renewal of the plea of not guilty. But the parties proceeded as upon the trial of that issue.” We call special attention to the failure to renew the plea. But, to proceed with the quotation. “The defendant was present with his counsel, and cross-examined the witnesses for the plaintiff, and introduced witnesses in his defense. It is a just inference that all parties regarded the plea as having been withdrawn for the purpose of the motion only, and proceeded to the trial on the understanding that it was reinstated when the motion was denied. The code declares that ‘no indictment is insufficient, nor can the trial, judgment, or other proceedings thereon be affected by reason of any imperfection in matter of form which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendants upon the merits.’ Code Or. Proc., § 285. It would *22 be sacrificing substance to form not to give effect to tbe transaction according to tbe plain understanding of tbe court and tbe parties.”

In Spicer v. People, 11 Ill. App., at page 297, the court say: “It is also urged tbat tbe defendant was put upon trial without entering bis plea. It bas been held tbat this is error, even in case of a misdemeanor. Hoskins v. People, 84 Ill., 87 ( 25 Am. Rep., 433 ); Gould v. People, 89 Ill., 216 . But if this were tbe only point in tbe case, we should be inclined to bold, upon tbe facts as shown by this record, tbat, when defendant announced himself ready for trial, be, in effect, entered a plea, and tbat tbe failure of the record to contain a formal statement on tbat point would be a mere irregularity, for which, no other reasons appearing, tbe judgment would not be set aside. In practice it is not usual, even in prosecutions for tbe gravest offenses, to require a formal arraignment and plea, as was tbe ancient practice, tbe plea being entered orally by counsel, and this bas been sanctioned by tbe supreme court. Fitzpatrick v. People, 98 Ill., 259 .”

In Long v. People, 102 Ill., 336 , tbe court say: “But it is said tbat tbe case was tried without a plea. On turning to tbe record Ave find tbe court found tbat tbe plaintiff in error, on tbe 13th day of October, 1881, did appear in open court and enter bis plea of not guilty, and tbe clerk was ordered to enter tbe plea nunc pro lunc; and when this order was entered, tbe record finds plaintiff in error Avas present in court. But it is urged tbat this finding and order were made after tbe trial. If counsel bad turned to § 423 of our criminal code, we presume this objection would not have been urged on tbe attention of tbe court. It provides tbat tbe arraignment and plea shall be entered by the clerk on tbe minutes of tbe proceedings, ‘and if tbe clerk neglects to insert in tbe minutes tbe said arraignment and plea, it may, and shall, be done at any time by order of tbe court, and then tbe error or defect shall be cured.’ This, beyond all cavil, cures or removes this extremely technical objection.”

*23 The statute considered in the case last cited was a curative act, like § -1-370, code 1892. We indorse the declaration in the Fleming case, 60 Miss., 434 : “We thereby effectuate the object of the statute, which was to close the door against the general j ail delivery resulting from the former doctrine, that the record must show affirmatively everything necessary to a valid trial, failing in which the judgment was set aside, many times to the defeat of justice, and to the scandal of the administration of the laws against crimes. This statute introduced a new era, and established the reign of common sense in the administration of the criminal law in this court. It infringes on no principle of justice, and in no way violates any right of the accused. It simply says you shall not overturn, on appeal, the conviction had, in the circuit court, except for something to which you made objection there. It is a most wholesome statute, remedial of great evil, and we will construe it liberally to accomplish the very proper purpose in its enactment.”

The plea is always made orally. The entry is mere evidence of the plea. The defendant went forward — the whole course of the trial was proceeded with — without the slightest objection. It is true that § 1407 of the code of 1892 provides that the defendant should be arraigned, and that if he stands mute, the court should have his plea entered; but this in no wise contravenes the view that, if the failure to observe its directions is not objected to in the court below, such objection will not avail here; for § 4370, code 1892, embraces not only omission to do things required by the common law, but omission to do things provided for by statute law as well. McQuillen’s case, 8 Smed. & M., 587, was decided under the common law; Wilson’s case, 42 Miss., 639 , was decided under the code of 1857, § 7, art. 3, p. 573, which is identical with § 2884 of the code of 1871; and Cachute’s case, 50 Miss., 165 , was decided under the code of 1871, § 2884. It is a remarkable fact that neither in Wilson’s case nor in Oachule’s case do the court refer to the .pro *24 visions of these sections of the codes of 1857 and 1871, but they rely on McQuillerís case, supra, in both cases. It would seem that the court overlooked the statutes. Counsel for appellant in Cachute's case, 50 Miss., 167 , do refer to the provision in the code of 1871, and say that the statute cannot be applied to these defects, because “the verdict which under the statute is considered as curing defects of any kind, is clearly a verdict upon a plea of not guilty,” and the verdict in such case, they say, would be “a nullity, because it did not appear to be on any issue at all.” However that may be, under the provisions of the codes of 1871 and 1857, the point that the objection cannot be made in this court for the first time is certainly sound, since the act of 1878, which is substantially §1433 of the code of 1880, and § 4370 of the code of 1892, has greatly enlarged the provisions of the codes of 1857 and 1871. It will be observed that under the codes of 1857 and 1871 the provision was that no verdict or judgment could be reversed, after the same was rendered, for “any defects or omissions,” etc., “which might have been taken advantage of before verdict, and which were not so taken advantage of,” whereas the provision of the codes of 1880 and 1892 is that no judgment shall be reversed because of any error or omission in the case in the court below “unless the record shows that the errors complained of were made the ground of special exception in that court.” Under the first two codes the defects or omissions which are cured are thiose only which might have been taken advantage of before verdict. Under the last two, all defects and omissions, within constitutional limit, which occurred at any time in the court below, are cured, unless objected to therein. Under the first two codes the verdict cured the defects or omissions unobjected to. Under the last two it is not the verdict that cures, but the positive provision of the statute, which cures all defects or omissions unobjected to, without reference to whether they occurred before or after verdict. So if we should regard Octr chute's case and Wilson's case as being decided upon the pro *25 visions of the codes of 1857 and 1871, to which no reference was made by the court, it still remains true that they do not control here, because of the essentially different and greatly enlarged provisions of the corresponding sections of the codes of 1880 and 1892. The reporter will set out the provisions of the code of 1857, the code of 1871, the act of 1878, the code of 1880, and the code of 1892, in full, that the bar may see the differences by inspection. We therefore do not think this assignment of error well taken.

Nor do we think the instructions numbered 2 and 3 for the state show any reversible error. The numerous and very accurately drawn instructions for the defendant presented his case in all its aspects with abundant fullness, and the jury were told in them that he could kill not simply to save his life, but to prevent the infliction upon him of great bodily harm. The language of instruction, No. 3, for the state cannot fairly be said to tell the jury that the words used by the defendant constituted a justification. That is only part of the sentence, and the very next words of the sentence, “if they believe those words were a sufficient justification,” make it plain that the jury were simply told that they might consider the words as a justification, and if they thought them a sufficient justification, etc. The criticism that the knife was dealt with by the said instruction as if it was a deadly weapon, we think, strains the instruction from its natural meaning. The evidence in the case, and the result, show that the knife was a deadly weapon, because it is plainly shown that the injured party died from the effects of the wound a few days afterward. So that even if the instructions told the jury that the knife was a deadly weapon, whilst it would be error, it would not, under the facts of this case, be reversible error, for the same reason that was given by us in Saffoldfs case, 76 Miss., 258 ( 24 So., 314 ). We do not think the instruction tells the jury directly that the defendant’s purpose was to cut deceased. The language does not bear that construction, fairly considered, although it is inartificial; and there *26 was evidence that defendant said, “Now I will open him,” or “cut him open,” showing his purpose plainly.

Without further specification we say only that we do not regard the other criticisms made of this instruction as sound, reference being had to the charges for the defense, which, in the most abundant manner, state every proposition of law for the defendant upon the very points covered by the third instruction for the state. If this third instruction were flatly and directly contradictory of the announcement on the same points in defendant’s charges, it might constitute reversible error. But that is not the case with it. The most that can be said is that it is carelessly and awkwardly drawn; it is deficient in clearness and distinctness. But every particle of this indefiniteness and vagueness is thoroughly and completely dissipated by the charges for the defendant, which are models of clearness and excellence in the presentation of the defendant’s case, and which make it impossible, as we think, that the jury could have been misled.

Affirmed.