Summary
Appeal from St. Louis Coumty Circuit Court. — Hon. W. W. Edwards, Judge.
On change of venue to the circuit court of St. Louis county, the defendant, a negro, was convicted of having murdered James Brady, a policeman, in the city of St. Louis, by shooting him with a revolver. In conformity with the verdict the defendant was sentenced, judgment accordingly and he appeals to this court.
The homicide occurred October 6, 1890, in a saloon at 715 North 11th street, kept by Charles Stark, a negro, and mostly frequented by that race. On the evening in question about 8.30 o’clock, a large crowd, principally negroes, was assembled on the sidewalk in front of the saloon and by doing so obstructed the passage not only of the sidewalk, but also of the street up to the car-track. The crowd was gathered together, it seems, to witness a sparring going on between Luther Duncan, a brother of defendant, who kept a barber shop next to the saloon, and Bob Henderson another negro barber. Complaint being made to Policeman Gafney who patrolled that beat, of the obstruction thus caused, he hastened to the spot. He was in full uniform and well known to all the parties there. On his arrival, he pushed his way through the crowd and found the two negroes sparring, and the defendant standing beside them. As was his duty, he ordered the crowd to disperse and told the sparrers to desist; to move' on and open a way on the side-walk for passers by. Speaking to Luther Duncan, who worked in a barber shop close to the saloon, Gafney said: “You know this will not do; go up there where you work, and get the crowd up.” In response to this request, Duncan put up his fists and shoved against the officer, who repeated his request, and said “If you don’t go .away I will have to take you away.” Thereupon Luther Duncan replied: “You can go to hell; you can’t take me away.” When this remark Was máde, the crowd began closing in upon the speakers, and Grafney laid his hand on Luther’s arm when defendant struck Grafney a violent blow in the face and eye. Then the Duncan brothers assisted by others set upon the ■officer, he was hustled through the crowd out into the •street, receiving numerous kicks and blows, one of them in the stomach, a very painful blow, and finally his baton was wrested from him, and with this the Duncan brothers beat him over the head and left him lying unconscious on the street. During this fierce assault there were cries in the crowd of “Let’s kill the son of a bitch while we are at it.”
Recovering consciousness, Grafney rose to his feet •and drawing his revolver fired twice in the air in order .to attract the attention and secure the help of other officers in the vicinity. Just then Luther Duncan threw •something at the officer and fled into Stark’s saloon; Grafney followed him, but being weak from the treatment he had received, he was unable to open the door; ■but finally someone opened the door for him and he •entered the saloon. Passing through the saloon he saw Luther in the billiard hall, which was a platform in the rear or west end of the room, some six or eight feet higher than the bar-room floor, and reached by •two short stairways on each side of the saloon, one on the north and the other on the south. Grafney with revolver presented, went up the north stairway where Luther was standing, and approaching him said: “I want you.” Upon this, Luther started to go with the officer, but when they had nearly reached the north .stairway for the purpose of descending, a cry was raised of “Don’t shoot,” and Gafney turning his head at the sound, received (from the defendant) a violent blow on the head. This blow was given with such force that it knocked Officer Gafney’s hat off and sent him reeling and bleeding, with a great gash cut, over his eye and on his head, down the north stairway. Luther then disappeared.
On striking this blow, the defendant, who had not been seen by Gafney, sprang forward and wrenching the revolver out of Gafney’s hand, went across the platform and started, pistol in hand, to descend the south stairway. At 'this juncture, attracted by the shots fired on the outside by Gafney, police officers Maloney and Conners, hastening from the adjoining beat, entered the saloon. As they did so, they saw Gafney staggering down the north stairway, his hat off and the blood streaming down his forehead and face, and he exclaimed to them that he was nearly killed. Just then, Starks, the proprietor of the saloon, who was immediately behind the defendant, pointed him out, and cried: “Here is the man who did it.” Maloney who was in advance of Conners and moving across the center of the saloon, called out to defendant: “Throw up your hands, you are my prisoner.” Defendant threw up the hand in which he held the pistol and retorting: “Yes, God damn you,” fired two shots at Maloney and one at Conners, who was endeavoring to cut off defendant from darting behind the counter, which was on the south side of the saloon. When Maloney called on defendant to throw up his hands, neither he nor Conners had drawn their pistols. As defendant began firing at him, Maloney dropped to the floor, and then both he and Conners drew their pistols and began returning defendant’s fire, who- then managed to run behind the counter and crouch under it. Both officers then went up to the counter and endeavored to cover the defendant with their weapons. The defendant occasionally sprang np from behind the counter and shot at the officers and they returned his fire and defendant instantly crouched again behind the counter.
About this time, officer Brady, of that beat, in full uniform, came into the saloon to assist in arresting defendant. He approached the counter, and as he did so and was alongside the other officers, defendant jumped up and fired at them, then Brady hallooed to defendant to “surrender.” Defendant not doing this, Brady leaned over the counter and fired one shot at defendant, who was crouching behind it with nothing but his legs and feet exposed. Defendant thereupon sprang up, suddenly, shot Brady, who fell over dead, and at the same time Maloney and Conners fired at defendant and slightly wounded him in the side, and he immediately dropped again behind the counter. The attention of the officers was then engaged in looking after their dead companion. Pretty soon Conners discovered the defendant slipping around the west end of the counter having a pistol'in his hand, and covering him at once with his own revolver, said: “You make a move with that gun and I will kill you.” Defendant replied: “Stop where you are.” Conners said: “If you raise that gun I will kill you.” Defendant then said: “I’ve killed one; I’m satisfied,” and threw his pistol behind the counter and Conners then secured him and he was taken to the police station.
The next morning defendant was taken to the office of the police captain at the station; when asked by the captain, “What have you got to say about this' trouble last night!” in answer stated: “I was in the saloon, and Gafney was chasing my brother into the saloon; just as they reached the head of the steps of the billiard hall I knocked Gafney down with the billiard cue; Grafney had his gun in his hands; I took his gun away from him; I started to go out of the saloon; as I went down the steps, some other officers came in with guns in their hands; I shot at them and ran behind the counter; they were shooting at me, and then Brady came in; he leaned over the bar and was trying to shoot me, when I raised up from behind the bár and shot Brady; I shot him with the gun I took away from Grafney; I had no other gun.” These admissions or confessions were testified to by several police officers.
When defendant was taken from St. Louis to Clayton for trial, several small steel saws were found concealed in one of his slippers, wrapped in a cloth, and these were shown to the jury. This was the substance of the evidence offered on behalf of the prosecution.
On behalf of the defendant, the testimony was to this effect: The crowd in front of Stark’s was attracted by a talking parrot. The trouble between Luther Duncan and Henderson was slight, and was all over when Grafney came. Neither of the Duncan boys was doing anything at the time, but Grafney assaulted them first. Defendant defended himself with his. fist, and then both went into the saloon. Grafney followed them in a little afterward, with a pistol in hand, and, pointing it at defendant, said: “You black son-of-a-bitch, I’ll blow your head off!” Defendant, to save himself, knocked the officer down with a billiard cue, took the pistol from him, and started to leave the saloon. Maloney and Conners came in, with revolvers in hand, and opened fire upon defendant at once and without a word. He fired at each of them once, and exhausted the chambers. He threw up his hands in token of surrender, but the officers continued shooting at him. . He ran behind the counter and crawled under it, and while there was shot twice by the officers, leaning over. He remained crouched there until the shooting was all over, when Stark called to him to come out and surrender, which he did. He saw Brady come in as he ran behind the counter, but did not shoot at him. He did not rise from behind the counter at any time, until he surrendered. Defendant denied ever having made any admission to the officers, or to any one else.
One witness for the defense testified" that Stark fired two shots at Brady, one of which killed him. Another witness testified that Stark did not fire any shot at all, but pointed a pistol at defendant after Brady was shot, and ordered him to surrender and throw up his hands. Some of defendant’s witnesses testified that Officers Maloney and Conners fired the first shots at defendant; but two of the latter’s witnesses, McClellan and Thomas testified that defendant fired the first two shots at those officers.
Defendant admitted.his possession of the saws, that he brought them with him from the St. Louis jail, but said he did not intend to use them unless he were convicted.
And at the close of the evidence the following instructions were given by the court at the instance of the state and of the defendant:
“(1) If you believe and find from the evidence that the defendant in the city of St. Louis and at any time prior to the finding of the indictment with a pistol shot and killed James Brady and that he did such shooting and killing feloniously, willfully, premeditatedly, deliberately and of • his malice aforethought, you will find him guilty of murder in the first degree. And unless you so believe and find, you should acquit him of murder in the first degree.
“Feloniously means wickedly and against the admonition of the law.
“Willfuly means intentionally, and not done by accident.
“Premeditatedly means thought of beforehand, for any length of time, however short.
“Deliberation means done in a cool state of the blood, and not done in a sudden passion engendered by a lawful or some just cause of provocation.
“(2) By the indictment the defendant stands charged with murder in the first degree. To this charge he pleads not guilty, thereby raising an issue of fact between him and the state, which you, the jury, must determine by the evidence. In connection with which the court instructs you as follows:
“(3) By the term malice is meant that condition of the mind which prompts one to take the life of another without legal justification or excuse. This is its legal meaning, and not mere spite, ill will or hatred, the sense in which the term malice is commonly understood. And by malice aforethought is meant that the act of killing which this condition of mind prompts one to commit must have been premeditated.
“To constitute a homicide a murder in the first degree, it must contain all the elements of willfulness, premeditation, deliberation and malice aforethought, as these terms are heretofore defined, and the state must prove their existence beyond a reasonable doubt; but their existence may be inferred from the facts and circumstances connected with the killing. And if they did exist a moment before the killing it is as sufficient as if they existed a week or month.
“(4) In order to convict the defendant of murder in the first degree you must believe from the evidence that the defendant shot James Brady intending to kill him. In this connection, however, you are instructed that in the absence of qualifying circumstances and facts, a person is- presumed to have intended the natural, ordinary and probable result of his acts. "Wherefore, if you believe from the evidence that the defendant intentionally shot James Brady in a vital part with a deadly weapon, to-wit: a pistol, from which death ensued, you will find that he intended to-kill, unless the facts and circumstances given in evidence show to the contrary.
“(5) If you find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree you will merely say so in your verdict. To the court belongs the duty and responsibility of affixing the - punishment the law provides for this crime.
‘‘(6) The court instructs the jury that if they' believe from the evidence that prior to the death of the deceased, James Brady, the defendant had committed an assault upon officer G-afney, then it was the right and duty under the law of such officer to arrest the defendant for such offense; and if the jury believe from the evidence that, while the officer was endeavoring to arrest the defendant, the latter assaulted him and struck him over the head with a billiard cue and was endeavoring to effect his escape after such striking; and if the jury believe from the evidence that officers Maloney and Conners were patrolmen, and members of the St. Louis police force- and entered the premises where the said striking of Gafney had taken place and within a few moments after its occurrence, then it was the right and duty, under the law, of said Maloney and Conners to arrest the defendant for said assault so committed, and it was the duty of the defendant to surrender himself without resistance to said officers upon their endeavoring to subject him to such arrest; and if the jury believe from the evidence that being in the uniform of his office as a policeman Officer Maloney ordered defendant to hold up his hands, and stated to him at the time that he, defendant, was his, the officer’s, prisoner, then such words of the officer constituted in law an arrest of the defendant to which it was his duty to submit; and if the jury believe from the evidence that instead of submitting peacefully to arrest as herein defined the defendant resisted; and if the jury believe from the evidence that the deceased, James Brady, was a police officer and in the discharge of his duty was assisting his brother officers in overcoming the resistance of said defendant, when he, said Brady, was killed, then such assistance was lawful on thepart of said Brady even to the extent, if necessary, of taking the life of the defendant; and if the jury believe from the evidence, that in the course of resistance to arrest, forcibly made by defendant, and in order to avoid arrest, he did, willfully, intentionally, premeditatedly and maliciously shoot and kill the deceased, James Brady, then such killing was murder in the first degree on the part of the defendant, and the jury will find him guilty in manner and form as charged in the indictment.
“(7) If the jury believe from the evidence that any witness has willfully sworn falsely to any material fact in his testimony, they are at liberty to reject and disregard the entire evidence of such witness.
“(8) The jurors will sign, by their foreman, one of the following forms of verdict:
‘We the jury find the defendant, Harrison Duncan, guilty of murder in the first degree, as charged in the indictment;’ or, ‘We the jury find the defendant, Harrison Duncan, guilty of murder in the second degree,' and assess his punishment at years’ imprisonment in. the state penitentiary;’ or, ‘We the jury find the defendant, Harrison Duncan, not guilty.’ ”
For defendant:
“(1) The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the defendant, Harry Duncan, was standing on the sidewalk in front of or near Stark’s saloon at 715 North Eleventh street, in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, on the night of the sixth of October, 1890, and that he was acting in a quiet and peaceable manner, and that he was assaulted, shoved or struck by the policeman, Gafney, then he, defendant, had the right in law to resist said assault or battery by'such means and in such manner as was necessary to repel his assailant.
“And the jury are instructed that said Gafney, although a police officer of said city of St. Louis with authority to make arrests for offenses against the law, had no right to assault or beat or strike or shove the defendant Duncan, if he, the defendant, was conducting himself in a peaceable, and law abiding manner.
“And the jury are further instructed, that the defendant, after resisting the assault of said Gafney, had a lawful right to go away and to abandon the difficulty, and if the jury believe from the evidence, that the defendant did so go away, and did abandon the said difficulty, then the said Gafney had no legal right to follow or pursue him into the said Stark’s saloon and arrest him.
“And if the jury believe from the evidence that said Gafney did follow and pursue the defendant, Duncan, into the said saloon and did again assault defendant at the top of the stairway leading up to the billiard hall, or if from the conduct and actions of the said Gafney, the defendant had reasonable ground to apprehend great danger or bodily harm from him or to fear another assault from said Gafney, then the defendant had the right to defend himself from said threatened assault, or to repel any such assault by the use of such force as might be necessary, even to the taking of life.
“(2) And the jury are further instructed that under the law, a police officer in the city of St. Louis, has no right, power or authority to compel any person who is standing upon a public street or highway, in a quiet and peaceable attitude, to move or to go away at the bidding of the said officer, or to do his mere bidding and that the officer, upon such person failing or refusing in a peaceable way to obey him, has no right whatever to assault, beat or strike such person, and such person has the right to resist force by force, meet violence with violence, and to use all the means necessary to preserve his life, or to prevent great bodily harm from being inflicted upon him, even to the extent of taking the life of his assailant, whether he be an officer or private citizen.
“And if the jury further believe from the evidence, that the defendant Duncan, after the second difficulty with officer Grafney at the top of the stairs in Stark’s billiard room, then in good faith abandoned said conflict, and retreated down the stairway and behind the counter in the saloon,, and there laid down and hid, and that while the defendant was lying hidden behind said counter, the said officers Maloney and Conners, and the deceased, James Brady, assaulted him and shot at him and shot him, then the said defendant was justified in returning the fire, and in using all means and weapons necessary to protect his life, or to prevent great bodily harm to himself, even to the taking of life.
“And if the jury believe and find from the evidence, that the shooting was done under such circumstances and was necessary to the defense of the prisoner, then the verdict should be not guilty.
“(3) If the jury further believe from the evidence, that the defendant, Duncan, was standing upon the sidewalk, on Eleventh street near Stark’s saloon, in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, on the night of the sixth of October, 1890, and that he was conducting himself in' a peaceable and quiet manner, and that the policeman, Gafney, ordered and commanded him to move on, or to move or to go away, and the defendant failed or refused to obey him, and that thereupon the said officer Gafney, assaulted the defendant, or struck him with his hand or with a club, or shoved him and that the defendant then struck said Gafney and knocked him down, then such act was in the nature of self defense on the part of the defendant, and is in law justifiable.
“And if the jury further believe from the evidence, that after the defendant, Duncan, had struck the said Gafney, he, the defendant, then endeavored in good faith to get away, and to abandon the said conflict that had taken place between him and the said Gafney, and ran into said saloon, and back to and up the stairs into the billiard hall; and further find from the evidence, that said Gafney pursued the defendant, and called other officers to his aid, and that Gafney and the other officers, including the deceased, James Brady, also entered said saloon where the defendant had retreated, and then and there attempted to shoot the defendant and arrest him, and that the defendant had reasonable grounds to apprehend great bodily harm or death at the hands of said officers, then he, the defendant, had the right to exercise the right of self defense, and to repel force by force and violence by violence, and to use such means and weapons as were necessary to defend his life or his person, even to the taking of the lives of his assailant or assailants.
“And if the jury believe, and find from the evidence, that the shooting was done under such circumstances and was necessary for the self defense of the prisoner, then he is entitled to an acquittal.
“(4) Under the law of this state, the defendant is presumed to be innocent of the crime charged in the indictment, until he is proven guilty thereof, beyond all reasonable doubts, and the burden of proving the defendant’s guilt devolves upon the state and the law clothes the defendant with such presumption of innocence, which attends and protects him, until it is overcome by testimony which proves his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and such doubt must be based upon the evidence, or want of evidence in the case.
“(5) The court declares the law to be, that the fact that the defendant is indicted for a heinous offense, in this case, is no evidence whatever of his guilt, and that fact must not be considered by the jury, as against the defendant, in determining his guilt or innocence of the crime charged against him.
“(6) The court instructs the jury that a party may defend himself by taking life, whether his danger is real or not, if the danger is apparently so imminent and pressing that a prudent man might suppose himself in such peril as to deem the taking of the life of his assailant necessary to self preservation.
“(7) The jury are further instructed that if they, find from the evidence, that there is a conflict in the evidence, as to who fired the shot that killed James Brady, and that the jury are not convinced from the evidence to a moral certainty, that defendant fired said fatal shot, then they should find him not guilty.
“(8) The jury are further instructed that if they find from a consideration of all the evidence in the case, that it points as clearly to one Charles Stark, or to some other person, as the person who fired the fatal shot, or committed the crime in question, as it does to the defendant, Duncan, or if, after a fair and full consideration of all of the evidence, the jury entertain or have a reasonable doubt as to whether the said defendant Duncan, or the said Charles Stark, or some one else is the guilty party, then the jury should find the defendant not guilty.
“(9) The jury are instructed that although they may believe from the evidence that the deceased, James Brady, was killed at the time and in the manner mentioned in the indictment, and that the shot that caused his death was fired by the defendant, or by one Charles Stark, or by some one else, still, if the jury are unable from the evidence to determine by which of said .persons or by whom the shot was fired, then the jury should consider the case precisely the same as though it had been proved that some other person other than the defendant, fired the fatal shot, and therefore, should find the defendant not guilty.
“(10) The jury are instructed that if they find from the evidence in-this case, that all the criminating circumstances relied upon by the state for a conviction, will as well apply to some other person as to the defendant, or, if they are reconcilable with any reasonable hypothesis, other than that of defendant’s guilt, or if they do not satisfy the mind of the jury, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the guilt of the defendant, then he cannot be legally convicted and you must acquit him.
“(11) The court instructs the jury that a brother has a right to defend a brother, when his brother is threatened with a deadly or dangerous assault, or with a deadly weapon, or if he has reasonable or good ground to apprehend great bodily harm or death to his brother from his assailant.
“(12) By reasonable doubt, as used in the instructions, is meant a substantial doubt existing in the minds of the jurors as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant after a consideration of all the evidence in the case, and not a mere possibility of innocence.
“(13) The court declares the law to be that if the jury find and believe from the evidence, that the defendant, at the city of St. Louis, Missouri, on or about the sixth day of October, 1890, shot and killed the deceased, James Brady, in the manner and by the means specified in the indictment, and if the jury further believe, from the evidence, that such killing was done willfully, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought (as defined in the instructions herein) but without deliberation (as defined) then the jury will find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree.
“(14) The jury are instructed that the punishment for the crime of murder in the second degree, is imprisonment in the penitentiary for a period of not less than ten years, and if the jury should find the defendant guilty of such offense, they will assess the term of his punishment in their vérdiet.”
(1) The court should have excused from the panel of forty the jurors August Roesen, Fred Hintertheur and John J. Braun, who by all the rules of law were not competent to sit on the case as they had well-defined, fixed opinions which it would take very strong testimony to remove. State v. Cutler, 82 Mo. 623; Revised Statutes, 1889, sec. 4197; State v. Burgess, 78 Mo. 234; State v. HoplcirJc 84 Mo. 278; State v. Wilson, 85 Mo. 134; State v. Bryant, 93 Mo. 273. (2) The court committed error in permitting the case to be tried in the absence of the regular prosecuting officer and in permitting it to be prosecuted by Judge Krum: who was employed by the police force of the city of St. Louis. State v. Sweeney, 93 Mo. 38; State v. Griffin, 87 Mo. 603; State v. Hamilton, 65 Mo. 520; State v. Starlt, 72 Mo. 37. (3) The court erred in allowing Officer King to exhibit to the jury a certain pistol in his possession and which was not shown to be the pistol with which the deceased was killed, and with which pistol defendant was in nowise shown to be connected. State v. Thomas, 99 Mo. 235; State v. Mix, 15 Mo. 153; State v. Marshall, 36 Mo. 400; State v. Daubert, 42 Mo. 242. (4) The court erred to the irremediable prejudice of defendant in permitting an"armed guard to sit by defendant in court during the progress of the trial. State v. Kring, 64 Mo. 591. (5) The court erred in instructing the jury under the evidence, in this case, as to murder in the first degree. (6) It is the duty of the court, in criminal cases to instruct the jury upon all phases of the case, whether the instructions are asked for or not. State v. Branstetter, 65 Mo. 149; State v. Gassert, 65 Mo. 352; State v. Little, 67 Mo. 624; 57 Mo. 131; 62 Mo. 597; 64 Mo. 107. (7) The court under the evidence should have instructed on manslaughter in third and fourth degrees. (8) The court erred iñ rejecting the evidence of Jeff Tyler and ¥m, B. Bailey, as to statements of Charles Stark, to the effect that he did some shooting himself, at time Brady was'killed. (9) Under the evidence and the law of this case the verdict of the jury is clearly wrong, and should not be upheld, as it is clear that the defendant could not have committed the act imputed to him, for various reasons apparent from a careful inspection of the record in this case.
(1) The indictment is in all respects sufficient. State v. Tivrlington, 102 Mo. 642. An indictment for murder in the first degree in the usual form is sufficient in a case where a person is charged with killing an officer. State v. Green, 66 Mo. 631. (2) The objection based upon the absence of the circuit attorney was voluntarily withdrawn, and no exception to any action of the court was preserved. Conceding for argument’s sake that defendant had a statutory right to be prosecuted only by the state’s officer, yet he may waive any .statutory right. State v. Klinger, 46 Mo. 224; State v. Waters, 62 Mo. 196; State v. Gilmore, 95 Mo. '554; State v. Keele, 105 Mo. 38, 42; 1 Bishop Criminal Procedure, secs. 118, 119; Revised Statutes, (1889) sec. ■4115. (3) There is nothing in the bill of exceptions to show that Judge Kjrüm made the remarks attributed to him in the twentieth ground for new trial. The affidavits accompanying, the motion are inefficient as exceptions. State v. McDaniel, 94 Mo. 301; State v. Kays, 81 Mo. 574; State v. Pagels, 92 Mo. 300; State v. Taylor, 98 Mo. 240-; State v. Bulling, 105 Mo. 226; State v. Musiclc, 101 Mo. 260; State v. Welsor, 21 S. W. Rep. (Mo.) 443. (4) There is nothing in the record to show that an “armed” guard was stationed beside the defendant during the trial, or that such guard accompanied defendant to the witness-stand when he was sworn; the affidavit of the defendant filed with the motion for a new trial does not prove the point. State v. McDaniel, 94 Mo. 301; State v. Musiclc, 101 Mo. 260. (5) There is nothing in the record to sustain the allegations of the motion for new trial as to incompetent jurors. Motions for new trial do not prove themselves. State v. Rults, 106 Mo. 41; State v. Bulling, 105 Mo. 204; State v. McDaniel, 94 Mo. 301. There was no error in overruling appellant’s objection to the introduction of any evidence under the indictment. Objections to the sufficiency of an indictment can be taken only by motion to quash, ■demurrer or motion in arrest; not as in civil cases by objecting ore terms to the introduction of evidence. State v. Meyers, 99 Mo. 107. “ ‘Flank movements’ should not be encouraged.” (Sheewood, J.) State v. JRisley, 72 Mo. 609,611. (7) The verdict, of the jury is fully sustained by the evidence. (8) The instructions given in the case correctly declared the law and were highly favorable to defendant. There was no •evidence authorizing an instruction on manslaughter. State v. JDimn, 80 Mo. 681.
Syllabus and headnotes are prepared by the reporter or publisher, not the court, and are not part of the opinion.
