Hennessy v. Bavarian Brewing Co.

Marshall, J.

Action for $5,000 damages for death of a minor son of plaintiff. Thomas Dolin, an unmarried minor, thirteen years old, was the son of plaintiff by her former marriage. After her second marriage the stepfather supported the minor. His mother per *109 mitted him to work for defendant and he turned over his wages to his mother, who used them to buy clothing for him. The death is alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant in not providing proper appliances and safeguards in its factory to prevent injury to the employe, who was required to work close to but not with or on the defective appliances. The plaintiff obtained judgment for $900, the defendant appealed to the Kansas City Cóurt of Appeals, where the judgment was reversed and the cause remanded. Hennessey v. Bavarian Brewing Co., 63 Mo. App. 111 . The case was tried anew in the circuit court upon exactly the same pleadings and evidence, on plaintiff’s part, as it was on the first trial. Pursuant to the opinion of Kansas City Court of Appeals the circuit court sustained a demurrer to the evidence, and entered judgment for defendant. Plaintiff then appealed to this court.

I. The Kansas City Court of Appeals based its decision upon two grounds, first, that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, in that it did not allege a loss of services to the plaintiff by the death of her son, and, second, that the evidence does not establish such a loss. The first conclusion is predicated upon the idea that, “the right to recover for loss of service is founded on the relation of master and servant, and not on that of parent and child,” (63 Mo. App. l. c. 116), and that upon the death of the child’s father the mother was obliged to support him during minority, and hence was entitled to his services during her widowhood, but that upon her remarriage the “stepfather would stand in the place of the natural parent, and the reciprocal rights, obligations and duties of parent and child would attach,” if the stepfather “admitted the child into his family and *110 treated him as a member thereof, and thereby assumed the relation of parent.”

The second conclusion rests upon the facts deduced from the evidence that the stepfather did admit the child into his family, treated him as a member thereof and assumed the relation of parent to him, and that the relation of master and servant between the mother and child ended as soon as the stepfather so acted, and that as the mother was no longer obligated to support the child, she was not entitled to his services, and not being entitled to his services, she lost nothing by his death, but that notwithstanding the stepfather was, in this case, obliged to support the child, and therefore was entitled to his earnings, he could not maintain an action of this character because neither under the statute of this State nor at common law, could a stepfather maintain an action for the death of a minor caused by the wrongful act of another. «

Bluntly but logically stated, this reasoning asserts the startling proposition that if a widow with a minor child remarries, and the stepfather admits her child into his family as a member of it and assumes the relation of father to him, and if a third party wrongfully kills the child, there is no civil liability to anyone therefor — not to the mother, because her rights were cut out by her second marriage and the assumption by the' stepfather of the natural father’s place toward the child, and not to the stepfather because neither the common law nor the statute gives a stepfather a right to maintain such an action.

The error that underlies such conclusions arises from confusing the common law obligation of the parent, natural or standing in loco parentis to the child, to support it during minority, carrying with the obligation the correlative right to the earnings of the child, with the right, conferred, by statute, upon the father *111 (natural) and mother or the survivor of them, to:-maintain an action against a third party for the wrongful killing of their child.

The case of Academy v. Bobb, 52 Mo. 357 , is a fair illustration of all the cases cited by the Kansas City Court of Appeals in support of the first conclusion. That case was an action by a third person against a stepfather, who stood in loco parentis, for necessaries furnished the child. The legal proposition announced in the case is that when a stepfather so acts toward a stepchild, “the presumption in such case is, that they deal with each other as parent and child, not as master and servant. This relation being established, the reciprocal rights, duties and obligations pertaining to it arise between them, the same as if he were the natural father.” Academy v. Bobb, 52 Mo. l. c. 360.

Whilst at common law, and in States, like ours, where the common law has been adopted, this correlative duty and right exists between a stepfather and a stepchild, it rests, not upon contract, as in case of master and servant, but upon the relation of parent and child. It continues only during the minority of the child. At common law neither the natural father, nor the stepfather standing in loco parentis, could maintain a civil action for the wrongful killing of the child, because at common law such actions were unknown. The principle of the common law was actio personam moritur cum persona. Hence cases which decide the relative duties and rights of parent and child with respect to suits for necessaries furnished by third persons to the child or for wages earned by the labor of the child; have no possible application to cases like this. Likewise, cases which hold that after the remarriage of the widow and the assumption by the stepfather of the obligations of a natural father to his stepchild, the mother is released from liability for necessaries furnished the child *112 and loses the right she had during widowhood to recover against third persons for services performed by the child, are of no value in determining the question here involved. They rest upon entirely different principles and involve rights arising out of the relation of parent and child, and not questions of tort.

The fact that in some cases it has been held that the measure of damages in eases of this kind arising under a statute like ours, is the loss of services of the child, during minority, minus the expense of maintenance, plus the expense of medical attendance during the child’s last illness and of the funeral, does not establish the right to maintain this character of action nor determine the person on whom that right is conferred by the statute. And it is proper here to say that the damages here allowed are both compensatory and penal, and that in Parsons v. Railroad, 94 Mo. l. c. 296, this court, speaking through Brace, J., construed the meaning of our statute fixing the measure of damages and said “the law allows the parent of such minor substantial damages, and they may be measured by the experience and judgment of the jury.” In cases like this, under the statute, the father and mother do not recover the value of services rendered by their child, as the father or stepfather does, as a corollary to the obligation to support in cases arising ex contractu or in assumpsit, but they recover, in tort, on the right which the child would have had if he had survived the injury, and which right died with the injured party at common law, but has been by our statute expressly transmitted to them, eo nomine. No new right of action is given by our statute. It is solely a preserved, transmitted right. Proctor v. Railroad, 64 Mo. 112 ; White v. Maxcy, 64 Mo. 552 ; Elliott v. Railroad, 67 Mo. 272 ; Gray v. McDonald, 104 Mo. l. c. 311; Miller v. Railroad, 109 Mo. 350 . By the com *113 monlawno such right of action was transmitted to any one. The stepfather therefore had no such right, notwithstanding his right to recover for services performed by the child, when he stood in loco parentis to it. Our statute, upon which the right alone rests and by which it has been transmitted from the child, vests it expressly in the father and mother, eo nomine (who must join in the suit and each have an equal interest in the judgment), or if either of them be dead, then to the survivor. The fact that the mother is given an equal interest with the father marks the difference between actions of this character and suits for the recovery of the wages of the child, which can only be recovered by the father, or stepfather standing in loco parentis, and demonstrates the impropriety of attempting to solve questions of this character by reference to cases which involved necessaries furnished to or wages earned by the child.

The fact that the statute intended to transmit the rights of the deceased child'to the father and mother, and that the relation between them as husband and wife does not affect their rights as parents, and the dissolution of the marital relations between them does not dispense with the necessity for joining both in the litigation, and that neither can maintain the action alone, and that the remarriage of the wife after the dissolution of her former marital relations makes no difference as to her rights as the mother of the deceased, is aptly illustrated by the history of the cases of Buel v. St. Louis Transfer Co., 45 Mo. 562 , and Crockett v. St. Louis Transfer Co., 52 Mo. 457 . The child of Euth and Samuel F: Buel was killed by the alleged negligence ■of the defendant. The father and mother were divorced persons. The father refused to join the mother in the suit, so she instituted it as sole plaintiff and *114 joined the husband as a co-defendant. After the expiration of the year from the time the accident occurred the petition was amended so as to make the father a co-plaintiff instead of a co-defendant. Speaking of the divorce this court said: “There is no force in the objection that Mr. and Mrs. Buel, the plaintiffs, had been divorced prior to the accruement of the cause of action sued on. They do not sue as husband and wife, but simply as parents. The divorce did not affect the fact of parentage. The statute does not give the action to the husband and wife, as such, but to the father and mother-, as the parents of the deceased minor. The circumstance of the divorce explains the fact that the suit was originally commenced by Mrs. Buel as a femme sole,” 45 Mo. l. c. 564. And as to the right being in the father and mother, the court held that the action could not be sustained by one without joining the other. Ibid, l. c. 563. Before the case was retried in the circuit court Mrs. Buel married John Crockett, and he was made a party plaintiff. Thus there were Mrs. Buel-Crockett and her former husband Buel and her then husband Crockett, parties plaintiff, and the court/ held they were all necessary parties, Mr. Buel as father, and Mrs. Buel-Crockett as mother of their deceased child, and Mr. Crockett as the then husband of the mother. Crockett v. Transfer Co., 52 Mo. 457. In this case Crockett was never the stepfather of the child, as he married the child’s mother after the death of the child, and was joined as plaintiff because the statute then required the husband to be joined with the wife. But it is direct authority upon the construction to be placed upon the statute, as to who are proper parties in a proceeding under the statute, and for holding that the mother’s right to maintain an action of this character is vested in her because of her relation of mother to the deceased, and that such right is personal to her *115 and is not affected by a divorce from her former husband or by her remarriage. In this case the father was dead, and the mother as survivor, alone had a right to maintain this action. Her second husband was not the father of the deceased and hence has no right to maintain the action, and her marriage a second time did not sever' her relation of mother to her son nor take away from her the right' which the statute transmitted to her as mother to recover damages which her son might have recovered if he had survived the injury.

The judgment of the Kansas City Court of Appeals was therefore erroneous on both propositions decided by it, and as the circuit court on the trial de novo followed that decision its judgment is likewise erroneous.

II. ■ The contention, that the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals is res adjudicata and binding upon this court, is untenable. The cases cited by the learned counsel apply only where the second appeal is taken to the same court that formerly decided the case. This court has not decided this case before, and the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals is not binding on this court.

III. The amount in dispute in this case is the amount claimed in the petition, which is $5,000 (State ex rel. v. Gill, 107 Mo. 44 ; State ex rel. v. Rombauer, 130 Mo. 288 ), and this brings this case within the appellate jurisdiction of this' court. The fact that on the first trial, the plaintiff recovered judgment for $900, fixed that sum thereafter as the amount in dispute, and made the case properly appealable to the Kanas City Court of Appeals, because if that judgment stood it was all the plaintiff could recover or the defendant could be made to pay. But when that judgment was reversed by the Kansas City .Court of Appeals, the amount in dispute immediately became, as *116 it originally was before any judgment was rendered, $5,000. It is argued, however, that the evidence shows that deceased was only, receiving $4 per week, and that at this rate he would have earned less than $2,500 before he attained his majority, not making any deductions for his maintenance, and hence that in no event could a judgment ever be rendered which would make the case properly one within the appellate jurisdiction of this court. This argument is based upon the erroneous premise that the son would never, during his minority, earn more than he was able to at the age of thirteen or fourteen years. Instances are not infrequent in our day tand generation when youths who started on small wages, worked their way to good paying positions in life, even before attaining their majority. And this possibility is confined to no one favored class. It is open to every one, without regard to the station in life in which he was born. We can not judicially declare how much any given minor would earn between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one. That is a question to be decided by the facts in each case. The only safe rule is to regard the amount claimed in the petition as the amount in dispute, until the claim has been merged into a judgment. Vineyard v. Lynch, 86 Mo. 684 .

As the action of the circuit court was predicated solely upon the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals, and as the merits of the case have not been discussed by counsel, and no point has been made as to whether the plaintiff made out a prima facie case on the facts, we express no opinion thereon, but for the error in taking the case from the jury for the legal reasons assigned, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand the cause for further proceedings by that court.

All concur.