State v. Witherspoon

KENNISH, J.

On the 12th day of June, 1900', the grand jury of Bates county, Missouri, returned into open court an indictment jointly charging defendant and Jesse Roe and Cap Neff, alias Jones, with the crime of forgery in the first degree, the subject of the forgery being a deed of trust for $870 on certain real estate located in Bates county, Missouri, and owned by M. Goss, whose act and deed the forged instrument purported to be.

Owing to the absence of the defendant and the inability of the State to apprehend him, the cause was not taken up until the regular May term, 1909, of the circuit court of that county, at which time the defendant was arraigned and a plea of not guilty entered. Thereafter, to-wit, at the regular October term, 1909, defendant filed a motion praying for a change of venue, in which he sought to disqualify the regular' circuit judge, Hon. O. A. Denton, alleging therein that he had been of counsel in a certain civil action in which the genuineness of the deed of trust alleged to have been forged by defendant was in issue. A statement of facts relative to the matters set out in the motion was agreed upon by counsel for the Slate and defendant, and the motion was thereupon overruled. Defendant was then put upon his trial, which resulted in a verdict of guilty and the assessment of punishment at im prisonment in the penitentiary for a term of ten years. After motions for a new trial and in arrest were filed and overruled, defendant was sentenced pursuant to the verdict, and an appeal to this court was granted.

*713 On the part of the State the testimony tended to prove that during the month of March, 1898, Mr. J. W. Jameson was acting in the capacity of agent and making loans at Rich Hill, Missouri, for the Walton Trust Company, a banking institution, which had its principal business office at Butler. At that time appellant, who was unknown to Jameson, appeared in person and made application to Jameson for a loan of $800, stating that he was M. Goss; that he lived at Merwin, and was the owner of certain designated real estate on which he would give a deed of trust to secure the loan he was seeking. Mr. Jameson communicated with the trust company relative to making the loan and gave the .officers of that institution a description of the premises offered as security, whereupon he was. authorized to make the loan and was furnished with the note and deed of trust for M. Goss’s execution. After the papers had been received, appellant appeared at Rich Hill and with Mr. Jameson went before John R. Hales, a notary public of that county, and being introduced to the notary by Mr. Jameson as M. Goss, appellant, in that name and in the presence of the notary and Mr. Jameson, signed and executed the note and deed of trust for the sum of $870, money borrowed and the cost and commission on the loan. The sum of $848.25 was then delivered to appellant, who deposited it in the bank at Rich Hill in the name of M. Goss, and after-wards checked it out under the same name. Defendant then disappeared and was not again seen in the county until after his. arrest, which was about eleven years later.

The discovery that the signature of M. Goss was not genuine was made about one year after the instrument was executed, and after M. Goss, the true owner of the land, was notified by the trust company to make payment of the accrued interest. Appellant’s true name was John Witherspoon and his home was in Kansas. M. Goss, whose name the appellant forged, ,re *714 sided in Merwin, and was in fact the lawful owner of the premises on which the deed of trust was given. He had never executed a deed of trust on the land in question, and had given neither appellant nor any other person any authority to do so, or to use his name for any such purpose.

The appellant was identified by two witnesses as the person who executed the forged note and deed of trust, and was also proven by other witnesses to have been in Rich Hill and vicinity about the time the instruments -were forged.

A few days before applying to Mr. Jameson for the loan appellant made an application to Mr. Duval of Butler, who was loaning money, representing to him that he was M. Goss and the owner of the land in question. Mr. Duval informed him that he would lend him the money on the land, but since he was not personally known to him, he would send the note and deed of trust to Mr. Catron at Merwin, near where the land- was located, and where M. Goss, the true owner, was known, and that appellant could go there, execute the instruments and get the money. Appellant did not go to Merwin as directed and Mr. Duval heard nothing further from him.

Appellant was a witness in his own behalf. He denied signing the trust deed and testified that on the 11th and 12th days of March., 18-98, he was one mile west of Ponca City, Oklahoma. The deposition of Oscar Taylor of said Ponca City, was read to the jury, in which he testified that on the 11th day of March, 1898, the defendant was- working for him on his- farm one mile west of said Ponca City.

The State in rebuttal offered evidence tending to impeach witness Taylor by assailing his reputation for truth and veracity.

I. Appellant’s first assignment of error is that the record fails to show an arraignment of the defendant.

*715 The arraignment of a defendant upon a criminal charge is so indispensable a prerequisite to a legal trial-under our law that, as appellant states, it is unnecessary to cite authorities in support of the proposition. However, the weakness of appellant’s contention upon this point lies in the fact that the record plainly shows that the defendant was arraigned and “for his plea says he is not guilty of the charge in said indictment.”

II. Error is assigned in the refusal of the judge of the court, upon defendant’s motion, to disqualify himself to sit in the case. The motion alleged that the judge of that court had been of counsel in a civil suit based upon the trust deed which the defendant was. charged with forging in the indictment in this cause and that by reason thereof he was disqualified from hearing and determining the case. The motion was signed by counsel for defendant, but was not verified, no.r even signed, by the defendant. What purports to be an agreed statement of facts appears in the record in support of the motion, and evidence was also introduced by the defendant for the same purpose.

It is provided by section 5198, Revised Statutes 1909, that the judge of any court in which an indictment or criminal prosecution is pending shall be deemed incompetent to hear and try the cause in either of the cases therein enumerated, one of which is the following: “Third, when the judge is in anywise interested or prejudiced or shall have been counsel in the cause.”

The next succeeding section, to-wit, section 5199, provides that “whenever, in any criminal cause, the defendant shall make application under oath, and supported by the affidavit of two or more reputable persons, not of kin or counsel for defendant, to the truth of the allegations in such application for a. change of venue, for any of the reasons stated in the next preced *716 ing section, it shall be lawful for the judge to hear and determine such application, ’ ’ etc.

The right to a change of venue is statutory and it is competent for the Legislature to provide the terms upon which it shall be granted. [State v. Sanders, 106 Mo. 188 ; State ex rel. v. Wofford, 119 Mo. 408 .] And “the only way by which a judge may be disqualified from sitting in the trial of a cause is by reason of the existence of some one or more of the causes mentioned by section 4174, Revised Statutes 1889, and by a compliance with its provisions.” [State v. Moore, 121 Mo. l. c. 521.]

There is not a semblance of compliance with the requirements of the statute governing the right to a change of venue in this case. The law does not contemplate an issue of fact upon an application for a. change of venue on account of the disqualification of the judge, to be heard and determined by the judge alleged to be disqualified, and therefore the evidence offered in support of the application, together with the agreed statement of facts, were not properly in the case, and should not have been considered. When the application is properly made and supported by affidavit as required by the statute the judg’e has no discretion; he cannot sit in judgment upon the question of his own qualification, but must grant the change as applied for. [State v. Spivey, 191 Mo. 87 , and cases cited.] For the reasons stated we hold the court was not in error in overruling the motion for a change of venue.

III. Appellant next assigns error in the action of the court in overruling his application for a continuance. The application was based upon the ground, of absent witnesses and failed to conform to the requirements of the statute governing continuances in at least four essential particulars, and for that reason it was properly refused by the court. [State v. Richardson, 194 Mo. l. c. 336; State v. Blitz, 171 Mo. 530 ; State v. Cummings, 189 Mo. 626 .]

*717 IV. The indictment charges the defendant with the forgery of a certain deed of trust, which instrument is set out in the indictment according to its tenor. "When the State offered the deed of trust in evidence it was objected to by the defendant upon the ground of variance. The objection was overruled and appellant now assigns error in such ruling.

A number of variances between the instrument as set out in the indictment and the instrument introduced in evidence have been pointed out by appellant, but they are all mere clerical inaccuracies, and so far as having any effect upon the merits^ of the case they are of the most immaterial character. As an example of these variances attention is called by appellant to the fact that in the description of the land the words -and figures “eighty (80) acres” are used in one instrument and the words and figures “80 acres” in the other; the words “party of the first part” in the one and the corresponding words “first party” in the other; the word “fails” in the one instrument and the corresponding word “failed” in the other, and so on.

To reverse a case and grant a new trial upon such clerical mistakes — mistakes which could not have prejudiced the defendant in his substantial rights, would prove a great hindrance to the enforcement of the law and would not be promotive of the ends of justice. The statute forbidding an acquittal on the ground of a variance not deemed material to the .merits of the defense, was enacted to cover just such a case as we have under consideration, and we rule that the court did not err in admitting the deed in evidence. [R. S. 1909, sec. 5114; State v. Burlingame, 146 Mo. l. c. 225; State v. Jackson, 90 Mo. l. c. 158; State v. Flora, 109 Mo. l. c. 296; State v. Decker, 217 Mo. l. c. 321-322; State v. Jackson, 221 Mo. 478 .]

V. It had been shown in evidence that after the' forgery of the trust deed and note and after the pro *718 ceeds of the loan had been placed in the bank at Rich Hill to the credit of “M. Gross,” the name which the forger had falsely assumed, a check was drawn on the bank at Rich Hill for the full amount thus placed on deposit, except the sum of $1.25'. This check had been cashed or deposited for collection in a bank at Olathe, Kansas, and following the course of commercial paper had passed through other banks, finally reaching the bank at Rich Hill upon which it was drawn and was there paid.

Walton was a witness for the State, and qualified as an expert on handwriting. Over the objection of the defendant he was permitted to give his opinion that the same person who executed the deed of trust also signed the name “M. Gloss” to the check. The cheek was then introduced in evidence over defendant’s objection and'the questions are now presented as to whether the court, in permitting Walton to give his opinion after making the comparison, and then in admitting the check in evidence, committed reversible error.

It was not an essential element of the crime charged that the forger obtained the money upon the forged trust deed, but as the sole purpose and object of the forgery was to secure the money, we are of the opinion that independent of any question of handwriting- it was comptent for the State to prove as a part of the transaction the manner in which the money was obtained, and for that purpose to introduce in evidence the check on which the money was paid, signed by the same name in which the deed was forged.

In the case of State v. Soper, 148 Mo. 217 , a letter signed in the name of the defendant was found a.t the scene of the crime and was introduced in evidence without proof that it was his handwriting. On error assigned it was said by this court: “In such circumstances, to require proof of defendant’s handwriting before reading the letters in evidence would be to dis *719 regard and fly in the face of the most obvious and reasonable inferences drawn from closely surrounding facts.”

That the signatures “M. Goss”.to the deed of trust and the check were forged was not disputed at the trial, and it is self-evident that the person, whether the defendant or another, who signed the forged name to the deed of trust also signed the same name to- the check and thereby secured the money, the very object for which the forgery of the deed was. committed. These facts were a part of the same transaction and were so closely related to each other that we think it was comptent for the State to introduce the check in evidence to be considered by the jury as a circumstance in the case.

We shall next consider the question whether reversible error was committed by the court in permitting the witness Walton to give in evidence, over the defendant’s objection, his opinion that the signature to the. trust deed and the signature to the check were in the handwriting of the same person.

There are three recognized modes of proving a disputed handwriting in this State; first, where the witness testifies that he was present and witnessed the act; second, where the witness knows the handwriting of the person alleged to have written the writing in dispute, and testifies from such knowledge; and, third, by expert testimony as provided by section 6382, Revised Statutes 1909, where the witness is authorized to give his opinion as to the identity of the handwriting in dispute with any writing proved to the satisfaction of the judge to be genuine. Neither of the first two- modes requires expert testimony, but both require antecedent knowledge of the subject on the part of the witness.

Walton had no knowledge to qualify him as a witness under either of the first two modes, but he did qualify as an expert on handwriting and gave in evidence his opinion as to the identity of the handwriting *720 based upon a comparison of the signature of the check with the signature of the deed of trust, the latter being the handwriting in dispute. This character of evidence, the proper foundation being laid, is expressly authorized by the statute.

The objection madé and renewed to this expert testimony was as follows:

“By Mr. Chastain: Defendant objects, to it, for the reason that the witness hasn’t qualified as an expert in this case; and has never seen M. Goss or anybody else sign this name ‘M. Goss,’ but is simply judging from the appearance of these two hands as to whether they are the same, and the jury are just as good judges of that ultimate fact; and we further object for the reason that this exhibit here, check on the Farmers & Merchants Bank, is not in evidence, and isn’t competent for any purpose in this case.”

It is apparent that the objection thus made, so far as the handwriting is concerned, was limited to the qualification of'Walton as a witness to prove the disputed handwriting under one of the first two modes, and that it did not go to his testimony as an expert under the third mode, namely, that the writing with which the disputed writing was compared had not been proved to be genuine.

It is well settled that objections must be specific and call the attention of the court directly to the ground upon which the objection is made, and it is also settled that appellant will not be permitted to broaden the scope of his objection on appeal beyond that made in the trial court. [State v. Johnson, 76 Mo. 121 ; State v. Gonce, 87 Mo. 627 ; Kinlen v. Railroad, 216 Mo. 145 ; Russell v. Glasser, 93 Mo. 353 ; Griveaud v. Railroad, 33 Mo. App. 458 .]

As the defendant did not make his objection to the testimony of Walton in the trial court upon the ground that the writing used as a standard of comparison had not been proven to the satisfaction of the court to be *721 genuine, he cannot be heard to object on that ground in this court.

VI. It was. brought out by defendant on the cross-examination of Walton that the latter had proceeded against two men, Rowe and Nipp, as having been implicated in the forgery of the trust deed with the defendant, Witherspoon. No reference to this fact had been made by the State in his examination in chief. On redirect examination Walton was asked why he proceeded against these men and explained that it was because he had evidence that Nipp was a partner of Witherspoon. As the defendant had gone into this subject on cross-examination it was clearly competent for the witness to explain on redirect examination why he did proceed against those persons, and the defendant has no just ground of complaint.

VII. It was entirely competent for the State to prove by Walton the efforts which had been made to locate the defendant after the discovery of the crime and the defendant’s concealment under an assumed name, and in proving the admissions of the defendant which were competent evidence in the case, we are not aware of any principle of law which would preclude the State from showing when and where such admissions were made. [12 Cyc. 395; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 276; State v. McLaughlin, 149 Mo. 19 ; State v. Harrold, 38 Mo. 496 .]

VIII. Appellant complains of the ruling of the court in permitting the wife of the defendant to testify as a witness on the part of the State, and of the failure of the court, upon defendant’s .request, to instruct the jury that they should not consider the testimony of such witness.

Mrs. Cook was sworn as a witness for the State, and counsel for defendant immediately objected, and *722 reminded the court that on a former trial the defendant claimed that this witness was his wife, and objected to the matter being brought before the jury. The court answered that it could not take cognizance of the relationship' until it was shown. Oounsei then objected at length on the ground that the witness had testified at a former trial that she was the wife of the defendant, and that she was being placed upon the witness stand by the State for the purpose of showing that the defendant had married her under the name of Cook, and thus, to prejudice the jury against the defendant. Counsel for defendant then asked the witness if she was the wife of the defendant, and she answered she was not. She was then examined by counsel for the State, and testified that defendant had represented to her that his name was Cook and had married her under that name, but that she was not his wife; she was asked for an explanation of that fact and answered, “Well, I found out after he had deserted me that he had a living wife that he had never been divorced from. ’ ’ Upon objection by the defendant the court ordered the answer quoted stricken out. Mrs. Cook .was then asked by counsel for the State if she knew the defendant’s handwriting, and defendant objected to “.any testimony on the part of this woman because of the fact that she has stated she was married to this defendant.” The court sustained this objection. Counsel for the State continued his examination of the witness as to her competency, and counsel for the defendant made the following objection and motion: “I object to these questions-; we now move that all the testimony of the witness be stricken out and the jury admonished not to consider her presence in the matter, for the reason that she is shown to have been the wife of the defendant.” This request was denied by the court and the defendant excepted.

At the close of all the evidence the defendant requested the court to instruct the jury upon certain *723 questions of law, one of which, was “to instruct the jury that they cannot take into consideration in arriving at a verdict the presence of the defendant’s wife upon the witness stand, or any testimony she may have given or any statements she may have made relative to the defendant;” but the court failed to give such an instruction. •

In the argument to the jury special counsel for the State said: “A little woman was brought up here by the name of Cook and offered as a witness and objected to because she was a wife of this man. She protested that she wasn’t his wife; that he had married her under the name of Cook.” The defendant objected to the language quoted for the reason that it was outside of the record and improper argument. The court overruled the objection, stating that there was evidence of that character and the defendant excepted.

It should be noted in passing that while the defendant properly objected and excepted at the time to the remarks made by counsel for the State in his argument to the jury, he has not preserved his objection in the motion for a new trial, and therefore this objection need not be further considered. It is referred to merely for the purpose of showing the use that was made of the testimony of the wife on her examination as to her competency as a witness in the case.

At common law the husband and wife were not competent witnesses for or against each other in a criminal proceeding, except in the case of a prosecution of one for a criminal injury to the other, in which case the injured spouse was competent as a witness for the State or for the defendant. This rule of the common law is still in force in this State, with this exception that by statute, at the option of the husband or wife on trial, the other may be a witness on his or her behalf. [R. S. 1909, sec. 5242; State v. Kodat, 158 Mo. 125 ; State v. Willis, 119 Mo. 485 ; State v. Evans, 138 Mo. 118 .]

*724 No citation of authorities is necessary in support of the well-recognized principle of law that the competency of a witness is a question for the court and not for the jury, and in this case the court did find and rule that the witness was. incompetent.

When in the course of a trial a question is raised as to the competency of a witness and the circumstances of the case are such that the voir dire examination of the witness by the court may have an influence on the minds of the jury upon the issues before them, this-court has commended it as a wise and judicious course of procedure that the jury he retired from the courtroom pending such examination. [Stetzler v. Railroad, 210 Mo. l. c. 709.]

The rule as to. the proper course to be taken when the incompetency of a witness is disclosed in his or her examination is stated in' 1 Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 485, as follows: “After the witness has. been sworn the progress of his direct examination or cross-examination may disclose his incapacity and then he may be stopped and his preceding testimony ordered expunged.” The rule just stated doubtless, has reference to the testimony given by the witness bearing upon the issues of the causé, but it should apply with equal force to testimony given by the witness on an examination as to his competency in the presence of the jury when the testimony is of such character as might reasonably be considered to have an influence upon the minds of the jury as to the issues of the case on trial.

The testimony given by Mrs. Cook cannot be considered otherwise than as being most damaging and prejudicial to the defendant. That it was so considered and made use of is shown by the reference made thereto in the argument'by special counsel for the State. And as all of the evidence given by the witness was upon the issue of her competency alone, and therefore-addressed to the court, and not for the consideration of the jury, the court should have directed the jury not to *725 consider such testimony, as requested by the defendant. This request having been refused by the court the defendant was clearly entitled to an instruction, which he requested the court to give, withdrawing such evidence from the jury.

It cannot be doubted that the testimony of Mrs. Cook, under the circumstances of this case, was most harmful and prejudicial to the defendant, and we are constrained to hold that after the court had determined . that she was incompetent as a witness in the ease by reason of being the wife of the defendant on trial, reversible error was committed in not directing the jury ■ that they should not take into consideration such testimony in arriving at their verdict.

X. It is contended that the court erred in giving instruction numbered 1, for the reason that it submits to the jury the law on forgery in the first degree, and that the forgery of a trust deed is not included within the language of the statute defining that offense.

The statute upon which this prosecution is bottomed is section 4636, Revised Statutes 1909'. By that section it is provided that “every person who shall forge, counterfeit or falsely alter . . . first, any will of real or personal property, or any deed or other instrument being or purporting to be the act of another, by which any right or interest in real property shall be or purport to be transferred, or in any way changed or affected . . . or, fourth, any certificate or indorsement of the filing or recording any such will, deed or other instrument, which by law may be recorded, . . . with intent to defraud, shall, on conviction, be adjudged guilty of forgery in the first degree. ’ ’

It is urged by appellant that the words “deed or other instrument” as used in the statute do not include such an instrument as a deed of, trust, and many authorities are cited as supporting that proposition. We shall not enter upon a consideration of the conten *726 tion thus advanced as to the proper construction of those words in determining whether or not they are broad enough to include such an instrument as the deed in controversy, for the reason that we think the question has been practically settled by a former decision of this court. In case of State v. Tompkins, 71 Mo. 613 , it appears that the defendant was prosecuted and convicted under the section of the statute upon which the indictment is- based in this case. The particular offense charged in that case was the forgery of a certificate of a recorder showing the filing and recording of a deed of trust, and it was held by this court that the indictment was properly based upon what is now said section 4636. If the forgery of a certificate of the filing and recording of ‘ ‘ such deed or other instrument” included such certificate on a deed of trust it necessarily follows that the statute also covers and includes the forgery of the deed of trust itself upon which such certificate was indorsed.

Other alleged errors are assigned in appellant’s brief which have been duly considered, but as they do not contain prejudicial error, and in view of the disposition made of this case, we do not deem it necessary to give them special consideration in this opinion.

The evidence of defendant’s guilt is strong and convincing, but because of the error heretofore indicated, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.

Gantt, P. J., concurs; Burgess, J., deceased since the submission of this cause.