Johnson v. United Railways Co.

TiAMM3 J.

Equity. From an omnibus decree against them, defendants, Transit Company and Railways Company, appeal. Mr. Gilliam appeals from an order refusing him an allowance of an attorney’s fee.

Shortly, the record shows that at a certain time Railways Company became owner of the street railways of St. Louis. The consolidation was born in 1899 of the efforts of two syndicates, headed by Maryland Trust Company, and Brown Brothers and Patrick Calhoun, respectively. Presently, for reasons left to be conjectured, the men who control Railways Company organize Transit Company. There were some new stockholders, more at one time than at another, but *340 the official and directorate power was the same in each,. mutatis mutandis. The stockholding power in Railways Company was held by Transit Company. These twin or allied companies were chartered to sit in the same corporate nest in a figurative sense; for, to all intents and purposes, the one (Transit Company) controlled the other through its stock ownership, as said. So, they were destined to perform the same or similar public functions. To that end, under this record, each had its finger in the other s affairs, they marked time or kept step together for each other’s purposes until the voluntary death of one ostensibly parted them. At a stroke of the clock, Transit Company took over the cash and all other properties, together with the public duties and contractual obligations of Railways Company (barring its bare franchise to exist as a corporation) by a contract known as a forty-year lease. From thence on Transit Company is well designated by one of the chief witnesses as the “operating company.” After five years of Transit control — a control to be summed up (even in the sober language of judicial discourse) as picturesque, singular and stormy — Railways Company, at another stroke of the clock, in turn, takes over (together with its leased property, public duties and contractual obligations) the cash and all other assets of Transit Company in pursuance of a contract, known as the tripartite agreement. Thereby the forty-year lease is cancelled and it was intended, in final effect, that the debts of Transit Company should be taken care of, except claims sounding in tort for personal injuries, amounting to a very great sum, then in suit or being pressed as a thorn in the side of Transit Company by such claimants.

(Nota bene: That there may be no question about the effect of what was done on this head, we copy a bit from appellants’ brief, referring to the funds supplied by the agreement; that brief says: £ £. . . where *341 by all the debts secured and unsecured, then admitted and recognized as existing, could be paid in full, •only and excepting the claims for personal injuries urged by parties against Transit Company, the merits of which were denied.” We will recur to this feature again.)

Thenceforward, on the performance of that agreement (which happened) Transit Company on the surface was bereft of all substance. ■ It became less than a dry shell, to-wit, a mere phrase or curious reminiscence and not a whit more. It had left to it neither debt-paying power, nor debt-paying disposition.

The instant suit is to test the validity of that transaction, as to such claimants, and the liability of Railways Company in equity to them for judgments rendered on such claims. To that end J. B. Johnson files his creditors ’ bill in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis against St. Louis Transit Company, United Railways Company, and National Bank of Commerce of St. Louis, whereby he seeks as assignee of two judgment creditors of Transit Company, on his own behalf and on that of bona fide creditors similarly situated (who might want to come in and be made parties plaintiff, sharing costs, etc.), to reach certain alleged equitable assets of Transit Company said to be in the hands of the bank and Railways Company by virtue of that transaction, or subject Railways Company to the payment of judgments against Transit Company. Thereupon a certain eleven of such judgment creditors intervene in their own right. Johnson and said intervenors, passim, will be called plaintiffs.

Such steps are taken that a decree went in favor of the bank, on one hand, and in favor of plaintiffs against Railways Company and Transit Company, on the other. As plaintiffs do not appeal, the bank drops out of the suit. The aggregate recovery, in the form of an omnibus personal judgment, is $63,833.91, distributed between plaintiffs, thus: In favor of John *342 son on a certain Sellman judgment, $3629.23; in Ms favor on ‘a certain Morgan judgment, $2689.18; and in favor of the other intervenors severally in sums making np said aggregate, — each drawing interest at six per cent.

At a certain time before judgment below Mr. Gilliam, attorney for Johnson, files a motion for an allowance of attorney’s fees, either by way of a charge on the alleged fund discovered and recovered or by way of a pro rata on the amounts the several intervening creditors (not represented by him) may recover in the final result. On hearing, this motion is ruled against movent simultaneously with the main finding and decree, and Mr. Gilliam appeals.

Off and on evidence goes in for ten months, the trial beginning July 19,1909, and ending May 12,1910. In so drawn-out a hearing, with breatMng spells thrown in, the evidence naturally took both a wide (and a very long) range. It now comes here in three paper books of over 1300 pages, which we have more than once read line by line. We are furnished eight several briefs comprising 330 pages, citing a vast swarm of cases, all of which have received the attention they deserve. We choose to not leave this subject without an observation or two, viz.We eye with solicitude such exuberance of record and briefs where seasoned and able counsel, as here, are trained in abstracting testimony and in condensing argumentation, recital and citation. Appellate courts sorely need the discriminating pains of counsel to pick, choose and condense, clarifying what is dark and simplifying what is complex from either excess of dilation, intricacy or extraneous coloring matter — thereby helping instead of hindering the just disposition of causes. No case can well demand such discouraging redundancy of record and brief, unless counsel plant themselves on the paradoxical excuse of the old Greek *343 orator in like fix, viz.: that he had had no time to he brief.

We allow ourselves a further preliminary word by way of a bird’s-eye view of what has been already determined in other suits on some phases of the general subject-matter of this litigation.

In Moorshead v. Railways Co., 119 Mo. App. 541 , the question was whether the putative lease was in fact a lease or something else — i. e., whether it created the de facto relation of landlord and tenant, or some other contractual relation, such as principal to agent or partner to partner. Moorshead, a passenger, was injured by the negligence of the servants of Transit Company. She sued both companies, counting on the theory that their contractual or running arrangement, was that of partners, or that of principal and agent, and therefore both or either were liable to her in an action sounding in tort under the doctrine of respond-eat superior, or the maxim, Qui facit per alium facit per se. That court held the document a lease springing the relation of landlord and tenant, and, hence, Railways Company as landlord was not liable, in the first instance, for the torts of Transit Company, its tenant. The case was certified here on a dissent. We held the same way. [ 203 Mo. 121 .]

In Chlanda v. Transit Co., 213 Mo. 244 , a vigorous effort was made to modify that holding without avail. It is said there (referring to the Moorshead case):

“ . . . We were all of mind that the document in question was a lease to all intents and purposes, and, as such lease, was a good defense against liability of the lessor for torts of the lessee.

“Accordingly, absent allegations and evidence (as here) showing the lease was a contrivance for a fraudulent or wrongful purpose in fact or law, so that ‘the covin doth suffocate the right,’ it must be held that the United Railways Company did not remain liable *344 to those suffering personal injuries from the negligence of the employees of the Transit Company.”

The same point, up in Westervelt v. Transit Co., 222 Mo. l. c. 331,. was ruled as in the Moorshead and Chlanda eases. It was again considered with like result in Graefe v. Transit Co., 224 Mo. l. c. 250, et seq.

All these eases were strictly at law, with no charge of actual or constructive fraud, and rode off on the construction of the lease contract by its four corners, read in the light of certain pertinent statutes and ordinances.

In view of the result in those cases, the question whether on the mere face of that writing Railways Company was, as a matter of law, liable alone, or with Transit Company, as a joint tortfeasor, to persons negligently injured by Transit Company in operating cars, has been answered in the negative, and must be taken as foreclosed for all the purposes of this case.

It will clear up the situation a bit more to point out that the transactions in hand have been judicially approached from another angle thus: Johnson v. Railways Co. et al., 227 Mo. 423 , was in equity. There an attack was made by a tardy and small stockholder of Transit Company on the tripartite agreement. The lease was again under review and an attempt made, ex industria, to rip up said agreement, the cancellation of the lease, and (for the benefit of stockholders) to rehabilitate Transit Company, by returning to it assets said to have been unfairly stripped from it — ■ plaintiff asking three forms of relief, rescission, injunction and an accounting. The case rode off on demurrer to the bill below and above. Here we ruled that, under allegations made, rescission would not go on the prayer of a stockholder holding a few shares, acquired after the event; that if such an one was injured, he must go to law, not to equity, for his damages. It was guardedly pointed out, however (p. 453), as follows: “It goes without saying, that the ease *345 made by the bill relates to shareholders, not creditors or the holders of claims against Transit Company, and what we say has like limitations.”

Not succeeding’ at first, the same plaintiff gave heed to the adage and tried, tried again by bringing a new suit. Still suing as the owner of a few shares of stock, bought in the market after the event, he filed another bill on substantially the same averments, omitting to ask rescission and injunction, but standing alone on an alleged right to an accounting. Again cast below on demurrer, the case reached us on appeal. In an opinion handed down in May of this year, and reported in 243 Mo. 278 , we not only followed the first case, but further held that the judgment therein was res acljudicata.

From what goes before it appears that in the stockholders’ suits nothing was held precluding recovery by a judgment creditor. Further, that when a creditor sues to open up, in a sense, the transaction evidenced by the tripartite agreement (as subsequently performed) and let in his judgment, hé can only do so on the foot of fraud in fact or fraud in law; and that is precisely the theory of plaintiff’s bill in the instant case, whereby he alleges, and at the trial undertakes to show, that assets of Transit Company passed into the coffers of Railways Company under such circumstances that equity should subject Railways Company to the payment of judgments on claims existing against Transit Company at the time, to the extent of the value of such assets.

At this point a question springs, to-wit: How much of the vast volume of this record shall be reproduced here, literally or by way of summary? The plan adopted at the outset was to make a rounded statement of all the record facts. But that plan was given over for reasons, to-wit: In Tanner v. Railroad, 180 Mo. 1 ; in Moorshead v. Railways Co., 203 Mo. 121 ; in the same case, 119 Mo. App. 541 ; in Johnson v. *346 Railways Co., 227 Mo. 423 ; in Barrie v. Transit Co., 119 Mo. App. 38 ; in the same case, 138 Mo. App. 557 (some in one case and some in another, quod vide) there may be found facts making np an epitome of the history of the origin and rise of some and the fall of other street railway corporations having to do with the subject-matter of this litigation and involved in this record. There may be found, also, in one or the other of those cases other facts held in judgment here, viz.: the terms of the lease '(ami release) between Railways Company and Transit Company, the terms of the tripartite agreement between them and a certain syndicate, the provisions of charters, mortgages (underlying and superimposed), deeds, collateral trust notes, trust agreements, indentures of trust and other indentures, underwriting agreements, syndicate agreements, inter sese, bonds of this or that kind, guaranties, voting trusts, pools of trustees and stockholders and participation receipts, etc., etc. — all of them intricate, many of them uncommonly rich in recital. There may.be found, also, in one or the other of those cases elaborate data, now in this record, concerning the issues of stock, common and preferred, with a summary of the lists of stockholders at one time or another, the minutes of corporate and stockholders’ meetings, excerpts from bookkeeping, circular letters and other correspondence, telegrams, book entries, statistics, promoters’ prospectuses, estimates of gains, expenditures and losses, market quotations of stocks and bonds, statements of debts, statements of assets at one or another time, etc., etc. — all more or less involved, obscure and diffuse. Taken by and large, the foregoing facts picture the shade and mystery in which the operations of the modern railway or industrial corporation by way of financing and consolidations (corporate deglutitions) or separations (corporate re-gurgitations) with their attending manipulations and shifts of bonds, stocks and assets, are sometimes sup *347 posed to grow and thrive or vice versa. No useful purpose could be furthered by gathering the details again together and weaving them anew into a connected statement.

Already the State of Missouri (willy nilly) has been put to expense- to publish this matter in our law reports. Already the profession of the law (willy nilly) has been put to expense to buy that matter; therefore we shall not republish it, but refer the student in case law, prying and curious in that behalf, to those cases for the facts. We are no little persuaded to this view of it because in Barrie v. Railways Co., 138 Mo. App. 577 , supra, the St. Louis Court of Appeals, with Judges BeyNOLds and Goode sitting, held in judgment the essential facts and propositions of this case. True, there was testimony, taken in other cases, read into this by stipulation. Whether that testimony was also read into the Barrie case we do not know, but it matters little; for it was cumulative in tendency and the same may be said of the oral testimony given and documents read into the record in the case at bar and not appearing in the Barrie case. The principal and essential part of the present record is bodily taken from that in the Barrie case. True, too, in the Barrie case the petition made no allegation of fraud by name, but it made allegations of fact that were tantamount to fraud in law. The court so held and that holding was the pivot on which that case turned. [Vide, 138 Mo. App. l. c. 644, et seq.] In the instant case equivalent allegations are made, coupled with averments of actual fraud — i. e., in fact and intent. But the instant case does not hang only on the latter thread. Indeed, it would be a slender and precarious one compared to the other. Wherefore, we say again the substantial questions on the merits here, whether of law or fact, were held in judgment in the Barrie case. In substance, this appeal on the merits *348 is a challenge of the Barrie case and nothing more and we will proceed on that theory.

It will not he necessary to set forth the hill or intervening petitions; for the hill was sufficient, as will presently appear, to admit the proof; defendants answered by general denial, and the form of the intervening petitions is not challenged.

Stating them in our own way, questions here are three, to-wit:

(a) Was Mr. Gilliam's motion for attorney’s fees well ruled?

(b) Did the bill state facts sufficient to constitute a cause'of action (and herein of incidental questions of a defect in parties defendant and of champerty) t

(c) Was the Barrie case well ruled?

Questions “a” and “b” are not in the Barrie case, hence will be determined, in limine, to clear the way for the merits.

I. Of the motion for attorney’s fees.

It is argued this motion was premature. The main contention is that it was filed before, not at the foot of, the decree. But, as the circuit court ruled the motion on its merits and appellants were not hurt thereby and could not appeal on that point, if we sustain their view it might open the matter for a new hearing, nisi, and a new appeal. As to that-we say. this case was advanced (we think now improvidently) on the request of both sides, and to the detriment of other cases on our general docket, to have vexed questions set at rest for the relief of coui’ts said to be submerged by a flood of similar cases remaining for trial or pending on appeal in the court of appeals and awaiting the result. To the end, then, that final disposition be made of the motion, we shall consider it on its merits.

There was testimony tending to show that Mr. Gilliam had a contract with his client for a percentage *349 of Ms recovery — tliat is, if Ms client’s luck was ill, Ms own was nil — contra, if good, then Ms own took oolor and substance from that event. The intervening creditors were represented by independent counsel and (under onr present Attorney’s Lien Act, E. S. 1909, sec. 965) presumably had similar contracts. So that, without offense, we may refer to the homely allegory and sketch in Webster’s old bine-hacked spelling hook, and say that the cases may be likened to a composite cow and each attorney drew milk from Ms own contractual udder. It appears sufficiently that the professional labors of Mr. Gilliam were many, arduous and long-continued .in a wide field of exploration, both in realm of fact and realm of law; but it further appears that those labors were spread over related cases so allied in fact or law, on this or that point, to the instant ease that it is impossible (and therefore pains lost) to attempt to separate the one from the other.

In effect, on one phase of the matter, there is a question sprung, we state in our own way, viz.: Who ■was the Christopher Columbus (or Jason), who, sailing on a dimly charted and vexed sea on a venture of discovery and gain, first sighted land (or the Golden Fleece) in the direction of this decree? Was he plaintiff’s attorney in the Barrie case or Johnson’s in this case? We put to one side an answer and with that answer the invidious task of apportioning professional honor or reward where there is enough for all.

Outside of cases hinging on our said Attorney’s Lien Act, there are classes of cases in which attorney’s fees are recoverable from the opposing party, or from a fund — exempli gratia: Where the suit is on a contract between parties litigant which provides Incidentally for attorney’s fees, stands upon a valid consideration and does not contravene any principle of law, such fees may be recovered as of course as per contract. So, where the cause of action is created by *350 a statute which, provides for attorney’s fees in suits brought under it, they go as of course as per statute. By our statute of partition attorney fees are allowed, and it has been held that equity will follow the law in that particular and allow them in cases of equitable partition. So, without express statute, by the usage of courts and on accepted reasoning, attorneys’ fees are allowed in divorce suits and as part and parcel of the damages in suits on attachment bonds and in motions to assess damages on the dissolution of injunctions. So, they are recoverable when condemnation proceedings by corporations have been abandoned (North Mo. Railroad v. Reynal, 25 Mo. 534 ), and where a grantee has been put to expense in defending his title and sues his grantor on covenants of warranty, and in some cases in actions between principal and surety (State ex rel. v. Tittman, 134 Mo. l. c. 170 et seq.). In some other cases they are recoverable for services in malicious and fraudulent suits — this, under circumstances not clearly defined. (See observations and authorities in Albers v. Merchants’ Exchange, 138 Mo. l. c. 159 et seq.). But not one of those cases, in fact or principle, is the case at bar.

"With cases of that ilk eliminated, there is left to consider a doctrine of equity, viz.: that a trust fund of right should bear the expenses of its own admin-isration. According to that rule it has been held that where a transaction has been ripped up or a conveyance set aside for fraud and an estate has been uncovered and recovered, which, in equity, belongs to creditors, and that estate is held in the hollow of the chancellor’s hand to be administered and distributed, attorneys’ fees may be allowed as part of the trust administration. [White v. University Land Company, 49 Mo. App. 450 ; Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U. S. 527 ; Central Railroad v. Pettus, 113 U. S. 116 ; Woodard v. Mastin, 106 Mo. l. c. 364-5.] Agreeable thereto *351 is an array of other cases industriously collated in Mr. Gilliam’s brief pro se. But, it seems to us, their doctrine does not apply here. This because: The power of a court of equity is flexible enough to measure out relief in cases of this hind by a general personal judgment without segregating a fund in kind and bringing its corpus into a court of equity for administration. Accordingly, here the judgment was a general money judgment against Railways Company. It stopped short at that point. It administered no fund. It took this form apparently by consent of parties — at least no one took exception to that feature. In such fix, the case falls within the doctrine of the general rule, viz.: that in Missouri one litigant cannot be compelled to pay the attorneys’ fees of another either in equity or at law. [Pickel v. Pickel, 243 Mo. 641 .]

It appears that Johnson contracted that Mr. Gilliam, on top of a named percentage, might have all attorneys’ fees the court allowed. That friendly turn added no virtue to movent’s position. In that aspect it dealt with a bird (not in hand, but) in bush.

"We hold the motion well ruled.

II. Of the sufficiency of the hill (and herein of some incidental questions referable to pleadings and hearing on the merits).

(a) It is argued the bill is bad. Without reproducing it or analyzing its averments, we rule the general point against appellants. This because: The point appears in this court first in oral argument and in a reply brief filed after submission. It was made, below, but abandoned in the brief in chief. Its belated and left-handed appearance on appeal is therefore in the nature of an arriere pernee. But, waiving that view and attending to the merits, the contention is found in two excerpts from appellants’ reply brief, *352 to-wit: “It was necessary, therefore, for the pleader to set forth the contract” (the tripartite contract), “instead of his interpretation of its effect and meaning, so that the court may see whether the complainant’s construction is justified by its terms.” And again: “So there is in the petition no statement of facts which would constitute a fraud and no statement of values given or received at the time of the transaction of such a character as would, standing alone, imply fraud. Hence,” etc.

As to the last proposition advanced, it will do to say we do not construe the petition as do learned counsel. They fall into error in that regard. We so rule and let it go at that. As to the first we say that according to the technique of the science of pleading it was not necessary for the pleader to set forth the tripartite or any other contract in haec verba in his hill. [Anderson v. Gaines, 156 Mo. 664 ; Estes v. Shoe Co., 155 Mo. l. c. 583.] That course is frequently taken, but, however tolerated as a traveled road, it is none the less extra viam. It was good pleading to plead them by their substance and intendment. A pleader, taking his chances on a failure of proof, may well content himself with setting forth only the ultimate and substantive facts necessary to constitute his cause of action. -[R. S. 1909, sec. 1813.] He need not state his evidence or discover it. [Ibid, sec. 1818.] And in construing his pleading for the purpose of determining its effect, the judicial function is to construe its allegations liberally with a view to substantial justice between the parties. The lawmaker has so written it down (Ibid, sec. 1831), and what he says in that respect stands on its own reason..

Measured by those statutory rules, the principal petition was well enough; and, as already said, the intervening petitions are not challenged.

*353 (b) As to champerty and maintenance.

It is contended that those vices exist here under this record. The contention does not réach the intervening petitions, but is leveled alone at Johnson’s. If we do not miss the run of the argument it takes on a dual aspect — somewhat by way of an attack on the bill, possibly, and then as a defense on the merits.

(1) As to the bill itself, there is nothing in its verbiage or averments savoring of champerty, or maintenance. The assignments of the judgments are well alleged; hence, as a pleading, it is not open to the objection urged.

(2) Further, on the pleadings and merits, we rule the point against appellants, because:

In the first place there is no issue joined on champerty or maintenance. Appellants’ answers were plain general denials. So, the facts relied upon for this defense do not appear either on the face of the pleadings or on any contracts introduced, but appear ■extrinsically and collaterally in oral testimony, if at nil. They, therefore, constitute new matter. Hence, to save the point, the ultimate fact of champerty •should have been alleged as a defense. [Kelerher v. Henderson, 203 Mo. l. c. 511, et seq.; Shohoney v. Railroad, 231 Mo. l. c. 141, and cases cited.]

In the next place, waiving for this turn, the foregoing view, - there is no champerty or maintenance .shown, as those vices are defined in the books. The bare fact that Mr. Gilliam has a percentage contract, ■contingent on success, avails nothing to the point; for ■such contracts are now permitted by express statute. [R. S. 1909, sec. 965, supra.] Thereto the Law accords with the Gospel. [Reynolds v. Clark County, 162 Mo. l. c. 684.] That statute, held constitutional, has been more than once construed and administered blandly to advance its' ends. It evidences a public policy not to be ignored.

*354 (3) But appellants do not stop there. Their contention goes deeper. They invoke against Johnson the doctrine. that a suitor in equity must come into-court with clean hands. They argue Johnson’s hands, are unclean. That he is an officious intermedler to» stir up strife and promote litigation — a sort of common scold as it were. That he bought, through the assignment of his judgments, a bare litigious right to attack a transaction for fraud, ergo, is without the pale of equity. Let us look to that. The doctrine they appeal to is stated shortly but well by Bispham in his Principles of Equity (7 Ed.), p. 255, in this way: “Thus, in equity a mere litigious right, the transfer of which would simply tend to encourage litigation, and thus fall within the spirit of the rule against maintenance, will not be recognized. Therefore a bare right to file a bill in chancery on the ground of fraud cannot be assigned even in equity.”' But mark the limitation of the rule: “Where, however, an assignment is made of subsisting property,” says that author, by way of context and limitation,, “an incidental right to sue for a fraud will pass by the assignment.”

Another standard authority (2 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law, 2 Ed., p. 1024) puts the doctrine of the rule and its qualification in a somewhat different form— a form approved by this court (Ryan v. Miller, 236 Mo. l. c. 510), thus:

“The assignment of a mere right to file a bill in equity for fraud committed on the assignor is void as being against public policy and savoring of maintenance.

“Qualification. But it seems that this rule, as established by the authorities, applies only to a case where the assignment does not carry anything which has itself a legal existence and value independent of the right to sue for a fraud. It does not apply to a. case where such right is merely incidental to a sub *355 sisting substantial property which has been assigned, and which is itself intrinsically susceptible of legal enforcement. In such a case the assignee is entitled to maintain an action to set aside a fraudulent conveyance of the property assigned, if his assignor might have done so.”

That formulation of the rule and its qualification is said in the Ryan-Miller case to be “.buttressed by authority;” and a painstaking study of our own eases and those from other states, marshaled in briefs, sustains that view of it. In the Ryan-Miller case, Jones v. Babcock, 15 Mo. App. 149 , is quoted from extensively as an acceptable pronouncement of the law. After stating, the general doctrine, the Jones-Bab-coek case puts the limitation as follows: “Of course, the case is different where the assignment is of something in the nature of property. Here the assignee takes not only the thing assigned, but whatever is necessary to enable him to possess and enjoy the same. - Thus, we have held that the assignment of. a judgment enables the assignee to maintain a suit in equity against the judgment debtor to set aside a prior conveyance of property in fraud of his creditors.”

Now, a judgment is property. No one would question that. So, under the facts there is no doubt about the assignment of the Sellmann and Morgan judgments to Johnson for a valid and substantial consideration. The proof runs only one way on that issue. Under such circumstances the general rule announced above does not apply, but its qualification controls, viz.: That the right to assignor’s equitable remedies passed, as an incident to the judgments, to the assignee. It must be held, therefore, that by his assigned judgments Johnson got whatever right is necessary to enable him to possess and enjoy the same. Incidentia rei tacite seqiiuntur.

Agreeable to that view of it are our statutes: Revised Statutes 1909, section 2156 and section 2159; the *356 former providing for the assignment of judgments, and the latter reading: “Any action or other proceeding, which the plaintiff in any judgment might have thereon, may be maintained in the name of the assignee. ’

Agreeably to that view also runs the case law. In Lionberger v. Baker, 14 Mo. App. 353 ; and in the same case, 88 Mo. 447 ; and in Burns v. Bangert, 16 Mo. App. 22 , the right of an assignee of a judgment to pursue the remedy sought in the instant case was sustained. Bank v. Bank, 107 Mo. 133 , was a creditors’ bill on an assigned judgment (p. 141) and the right to the remedy was not questioned. So, in Benne v. Schnecko, 100 Mo. l. c. 257. That idea further prospers, arguendo, on the accepted theory that the purchaser under an execution, though a stranger to the judgment, stands in the shoes of the judgment creditor as to all his equitable rights to set aside a fraudulent transaction in the way of the purchase. ' Agreeable thereto are many cases. "We cite two as samples: Mason v. Perkins, 180 Mo. 702 ; Welch v. Mann, 193 Mo. 304 .

The question up is not without difficulty; for the law thereon may still be in a fluid state and the last word not spoken. Cases may be found in our reports, as indicated in the Byan-Miller case, where, in stating the general doctrine and ruling soundly on the concrete case, we have not - always taken the precaution to state its qualification with precision and fullness. Quandoque bonus dormitat Romerus. I may mention one case of that kind, Weissenfels v. Cable, 208 Mo. 515 , for it fell from my own pen.

The point is disallowed to appellants.

(c) Of defect of parties defendant.

One of Sir Mathew Hale’s rules for judicial discourse was: “To speak in few words and home to the point.” It may be applied here.

*357 Something is said of the absence of stockholders ■ of Transit Company as parties. Bnt the corporation being- in court, it results that so far as they are affected, if at all, it is vicariously only. The object of the suit is not to have satisfaction of them. The ultimate office of those allegations in the bill relating to stockholders was by way of prelude or as matter of inducement leading up to corporate acts denounced.

Something is said about the absence of Brown Brothers & Company as parties defendant. As to that we say: No relief is sought against them. If they as syndicate managers wrongfully shared in a division of the spoils in wrecking Transit Company and rehabilitating Railways Company, as alleged in this bill, they may or may not be liable. We have no concern with that liability in this case. If that syndicate was the conduit or agency through which part of the assets of Transit Company wrongfully came into the hands of Railways Company and were by it appropriated to its own use, Railways Company, when brought to book for its own gains in the transaction, cannot complain of the absence of Brown Brothers & Company as parties defendant; for we take it as a primer rule that if A has property and owes B, C and D, and in pursuance of a common scheme, as alleged in this bill, A disposes of it after such fashion that X, Y and Z wrongfully participate in his estate at one or another step in consummation of that common scheme, then B, C or D may sue Z without including X and Y in the suit. Among wrongdoers, every tub stands on its own bottom. It is against the policy of the law that a wrongdoer should benefit by the presence of coadjutors.

But there is a technical statutory rule equally fatal to appellants’ point. Thus: If there be a defect in parties plaintiff or defendant appearing in a bill, it should be struck at by demurrer. Answering over, as here, waives it once for all. If such defect do not *358 appear on the face of the bill, it becomes matter of defense and should be struck at in tbe answer, or there is no life in it. As pointed out before, defendants answered by general denial only. By that course they also waived any defect of parties. [B. S. 1909, sec. 1800; Ibid, sec. 1804'.]

All cases expounding’ those statutes so held —ex. gr., Horstkotte v. Menier, 50 Mo. 158 ; Franke v. St. Louis, 110 Mo. 516 ; Crook v. Tull, 111 Mo. l. c. 288; Ashton v. Penfield, 233 Mo. l. c. 417; Bonsor v. Madison County, 204 Mo. l. c. 98; Scott-Force Hat Co. v. Hombs, 127 Mo. l. c. 399, et seq.

A disposition of the foregoing brings us to the final and main question, viz.:

' III. Was Barrie v. Railroad Co., 138 Mo. App. 557 , well ruled¶

We hold it was and adopt the opinion in that case, its statement of fact, its conclusions of law and its reasoning bodily as our own. It covers 130 pages of that report, and must be read with this, since its length forbids republication. We consider our judicial duty done when we adopt it without reprinting. It can speak for itself; for it exhausts the subject-matter. We leave it with some observations, viz.:

In its analysis, marshaling of fact and exposition of law, certain helpful and pertinent propositions should be kept in mind, namely:

Fir si-. Fraud must concur with damage to be actionable; hence constructive or actual fraud without damage would not support a creditor’s bill.-

The Barrie case does not fall under the ban of that principle, but is supported by it.

Second: Individual shareholders of paid-up shares of stock in a corporation are not personally liable in any form of action for corporate debts.

The Barrie case holds nothing contrary to that trite proposition.

*359 Third: It follows, somewhat as a corollary to the last proposition, that the shares of stock of individual shareholders in Transit Company were at no time subject to levy and seizure for the debts of Transit Company. However, on the other hand, every form and particle of its corporate property, down to its last patch and shred, was subject to such levy and sale. Such sequestration of the corpus of the corporate estate by levy and sale would necessarily wipe out stock values; but it remains true that the stock, as stock, •could not be reached directly or obliquely for corporate debts. It follows, also, that such stock was held by its owners, without let or hindrance of corporate • creditors, fre'e to trade, swap, dicker, sell, transfer and vote in corporate elections — the jus disponendi being of the essence of full ownership of any kind of property. So much must be conceded to appellants, .subject to the qualification announced in the next proposition.

The Barrie case holds nothing to the contrary.

Fourth: But it does not follow from the last proposition that, stockholders may use their voting-power as they please and without question to the result of the vote. They (as all others) must reckon swith the maxim, Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, and square their acts therewith. It does not follow that in pursuance of a scheme of concerted action, individual share's of stock might not be so manipulated, massed and voted as to effectuate an inequitable and unfair transfer of Transit properties, to the ultimate end (as one fruit of the scheme) that thereafter such stock might be exchanged for stock in the vendee corporation, whereby its value might be shrewdly and effectually preserved to the original shareholder,' after dissolution and dissipation of its assets. Such result, flowing from such inducing cause, injured creditors might bring to book in the courts of the land administering the law of the land. That is, it does not fol *360 low that such, plan taken from side to side and end to end, might not lead np to and produce a corporate ’ action by stockholders which unjustly enriched the vendee corporation and unjustly impoverished the vendor corporation, thereby resulting in a grave wrong to those persons Transit Company may justly owe.

The Barrie case prospers on that theory — a theory not strange to the courts, as cited cases show.

Fifth: The assets of a corporation are, in the eye of equity, a trust fund in which creditors have a right superior to stockholders as such. • Corporate-debts must be paid before shareholders may share, either in a straight line (as the bee flies) or in a roundabout way (as the fox runs), in the corpus of the corporate estate.

The Barrie case accords with that view of it.

Sixth: It is self-evident that, speaking broadly, whatever relief a creditor has against A and B, individuals, he has against N and Y, corporate entities;, for it would be a shame to equity if the discriminating and piercing eye of a chancellor, having “a passion for justice” (as Lord Campbell says Lord Holt-had), or a “benevolent solicitude for the discovery of the truth” (as he says Lord CamdeN had), was to be baffled by such a mere veil or screen as the shell of a corporate entity, so that while it could see a wrong in individuals it would blink the like in corporations. It can never be amiss to remind ourselves that in a court of conscience a corporation, like a natural person, is required to live up to the great commandment of the law, viz.: To live honestly, not to injure another, to give to each one his due. Such was the doctrine of old Ulpian, carried over into the Code 'of Justinian, and it is a very good rule of equity down to this very day. Corporations may libel, they may be guilty of malice and (though without souls, yet) they must be held to have an ethical sense, and know the *361 ■difference between right and wrong, between mine and thine — or suffer for it.

The Barrie case runs on that theory.

Seventh: Equity looks to substance, not form, and in the pursuit of fraud between corporations the same minute and astute search (high or low, in every nook, crevice or cranny) is allowed in the investigation that is permitted in its pursuit between individuals. In State ex inf. v. Standard Oil, 194 Mo. 124 , certain statutes were in review denouncing a certain combination as “a conspiracy to defraud.’’ The combination being put on the foot of a fraud by the statute, the question was as to the scope of the investigation. In that case (p. 156) it was said:

“Yet, experience has shown that stock holdings showing a community of interest, while in some cases innocuous, might in given cases be the very root from which the trust agreement grows. On principle, why may not this root be got at? In an investigation intended to lead up to the establishment of a fraudulent conspiracy between individuals, taking for illustration ■a fraudulent disposition of property, it could not be denied that kinship or close business intimacy would be relevant matter, for what it was worth, be that worth much or little, and we can perceive no good reason why this investigation may not commence at the very ground-work of those corporations, showing, if fact it be, a close relationship in stock holdings and in the personnel of officers and agents, the use of the ■same instrumentalities and methods, simultaneous in time and originating in the same radiating center — a sort of prenatal, natal or else post-natal disposition to ■combine, as it were — to be followed, of course, by sufficient proof indicating that the community of stock interest, if any, had been used as a foundation upon which to build the illegal structure denounced by the statute.

*362 “In cases where doubt exists, proof of motive may fill an office in the administration of law.”

On the tenor and method of such investigation, see, further, Adriance v. Arnot, 31 Mo. 471 ; Hopkins v. Sievert, 58 Mo. 201 ; Massey v. Young, 73 Mo. l. c. 273-4; Black v. Epstein, 221 Mo. l. c. 310-314.

The Barrie case runs on all-fours with the foregoing.

Eighth: Barring a great strike in 1900, the evils befalling Transit Company seem to have sprung from the terms of its forty-year lease and were, in a sense,, voluntarily suffered. That this is so appears from the following from one who spake for it as with authority. Referring to the situation, he says: “Of course, any one familiar with the organization of these two companies will at once realize that the Transit Company,, through its ownership of stock, absolutely dominated the United Railways Company organization. ’ ’ As between it and Railways Company, it, through its stock ownership, as said, and through its board of directors- and corporate officers (whose personnel was substantially the same) had power to control its huge outlays for the betterment of the leasehold estate, or, at any time, to take steps to readjust its contractual relations with Railways Company on a workable and equitable basis — if found unjustly oppressive, as they were. It did nothing of the kind. It attempted nothing of the-kind. To the last moment it spent vast sums of money in swelling the estate of Railways Company, taking back pay for its outlays, made in solid cash, the depreciated securities of Railways Company at par. At. times these were estimated as worth around fifty cents-on the dollar or less in some instances. It laid miles-of new track, built new power houses and made many other costly betterments which, we think, it had the-option to make or not to make. Thus, it voluntarily filled the role of a .market for the depreciated securities of Railways Company at par. If it had been pow *363 erless to keep itself from those outlays, or temper them, or if its corporate nose had been held as by a vise to the grindstone of an oppressive and biting contract, with no power to modify, or which it had at-temped to modify and failed, the case might assume ' a different aspect on what produced the crisis in its life.

Nothing in the Barrie case militates against that view of it.

Ninth: The tripartite agreement is amiably described, by one of the chief actors in its genesis, as a “loosening np process.” The situation confronting Transit Company in October, 1904, sprung a corporate feeling told in the graphic phrase of one important witness (who knew all its ins and outs) in this way: “. . . it was . . . scared to death . . .”

It will be of judicial interest to note what significant results followed from that “scare” and that “loosening up process,” viz.: Every one profited thereby except the miserable ones, who suffered the wrongs of negligent personal injuries at its hands. {Note: These wrongs are adjudicated and not open to question.) Every interested party seems to have béen represented (in body or mind) in one step or other of the transaction except them. They were uninvited, unrepresented and conspicuous by their absence — unless the serene and omnipresent majesty of the law attended the affair as their guardian. The St. Louis Court of Appeals thought it did, and we are of that mind. Syndicate managers made vast gains; all Transit Company stockholders, who desired to come into the pool were allowed to participate in syndicate profits, and they made a.-very pretty penny by it; the debts of Transit Company, except as above, were taken care of dollar for dollar; Railways Company was benefited in vast amounts by relief from its bond guaranties, from the release of its, lease, thereby taking over the leasehold estate enormously bettered and swollen *364 by the outlays of Transit Company and of great value; it got over $600,000 in cash from Transit Company, a great amount of other assets in supplies and, at the end, came out the owner of a great block of stock, once the property of Transit Company. So, it stepped into a business (a good will, or rather a monopoly of passenger carriage) that netted over a million dollars the last year it ran (a phenomenal year, it is true) and took over a plant of which its president boasted it was equipped so well it needed no extra expense for bet-terments for a considerable time. To crown all, as already said, the plan contemplated (and this was held out to Transit stockholders to toll them on to the corporate death of their company) that its old stockholders, by a pro rata exchange, would escape any appreciable loss by swapping their stock for the stock of Eailways Company at the ratio of five for two. And that result was also attained, practically. All these things were the natural and intended results of the tripartite agreement and of the syndicate agreements at its foot, every one of which were interdependent and headed to the common and predestined purpose, so outlined and consummated.

It is not allowed to us, under this record, to hold that those contracts and results (as argued) were disconnected or independent of each other, so that Eail-ways Company held the gains accruing to it by a clear and wholesome title acquired through third parties or by independent contracts. To the contrary these things were but links in a chain, a concatenation, and, keeping in mind the dangling prize hung out to Transit stockholders to save themselves, it was here, as in the nursery fable (if we may borrow from so humble a source without lowering the dignity of our case) to-wit: “the fire began to burn the stick, the stick began to beat the dog, the dog began to bite the pig, and so the pig jumped over the stile and the old woman got home that night.”

*365 The record shows that after Transit Company ceased to he a going concern, stripped itself hare of property and all semblance of debt-paying disposition, Railways Company adopted the policy ^ not because liable, it is said, but from grace, to shave down and settle such Transit claims for personal injuries as its distinguished counsel recommended. There can be no injustice, under the facts of this record, in a chancellor’s requiring that to be done as of right what the corporation assumed to do as of grace and mercy. It is not meet and comely that the unfortunate should beg as a mercy for what is their due as of right.

The rationale of the Barrie case is in line with the foregoing.

Tenth-. It is argued, in effect, that what was done was of necessity. As to that we say: One adage puts it that Necessity is the mother of invention — another, that Necessity knows no law. We have, been diverted by them, but have no call to make use of either in determining the right of this case. It is sufficient to hold that whatever the play of necessity there was none.calling for Railways Company’s taking over all the properties of Transit Company and at the same time leaving those persons Transit Company had injured by its negligence in the lurch to whistle for compensation. It sufficiently appears that the solicitude and care for other creditors, had it been broadened and quickened a little, would have had a generous stomach for all. We stress the fact that the claims of parties injured by negligence were designedly ignored and no adequate cause appears for such discrimination.

The Barrie case prospers on that theory.

Eleventh: Whether claimants for damages for wrongs suffered would have fared better if Transit Company or its bondholders or its creditors, had applied to a chancellor for a receiver, had its properties preserved and finally administered by a court of *366 equity, its assets and liabilities marshaled and its creditors of all kinds paid in whole or part by a decree and sale under equitable rules, is beside the case and purely speculative. It is sufficient to say that (sitting as chancellors in what amounted to an equitable and domestic distribution of their assets), the plan adopted was not one known to equity jurisprudence and the result attained would have been impossible in a court of equity; for no court of equity should have wound up the affairs of Transit Company so that the stockholder, the . promoter, the creditor by contract would have been protected while those who suffered damages from its torts were pushed to one side and left out in the cold.

Twelfth: Finally, putting to one side the heat of counsel (for surely equity knows no passion, except for justice), we conclude with this: In the Barrie case it is pointed out that there is such infirmity of consideration passing to Transit Company from Railways Company, such disproportionate gains accruing from the transaction as compared to what was paid out, and such legal wrongs arising from the gripping fact that the two corporations were at bottom one person in their dealings with each other, that equity,, on recognized principles, will force restitution in the form of compensation to judgment creditors of Transit Company. Agreeable thereto are a line of soundly reasoned cases considered by the Court of Appeals in the Barrie case and to be found cited .there, and others cited in briefs, and to be' found in the headnotes of our reporter. Accordingly, under the doctrine of the Barrie case, we affirm this judgment.

It is so ordered. Ferriss, Kennish and Brown, JJ., concur; Valliant, G. J., and Woodson, J., dissent in separate opinions; Graves, J., dissents.