Conway v. Monidah Trust

MR. JUSTICE SANNER

delivered the opinion of the court.

So far as germane to the questions involved in this appeal, the substantial allegations of the complaint are: That the defendant, a corporation, is the owner of the Tzarena lode mining claim, situate partly within and partly without the corporate limits of the city of Butte; that on July 19, 1911, there was, and for more than a year prior thereto had been, a certain shaft, about forty-five feet deep, on this property, which the defendant had negligently permitted to remain ‘ ‘ open, exposed and unprotected, without a substantial cover, or any cover whatever being placed over the same, or without a tight fence, or any fence whatever, being placed around the same”; that said shaft “was approximately eight feet long and four feet wide from the bottom thereof to within about five feet of the natural surface of the ground adjacent thereto, at which point the sides of the said shaft spread outwardly until the same reached the natural surface, forming *276 a saucer or bowl-like depression,” and around the edges of this depression, and for some distance on all sides thereof, there were wild flowers blooming; that near the Tzarena lode there were also odd and curious formations of rock which, with the flowers, formed an attraction for children; “that on the said 19th day of July, 1911, the plaintiff herein, a child of the age of seven years, who did not know of the existence of said shaft, at dusk of said day was plucking wild flowers near the mouth of said shaft, and while so doing observed a cluster of wild flowers some distance from him, which he started on a run to obtain, and while so doing and using due care and prudence, and without contributing fault and carelessness on his part, ran into the mouth of said shaft aforesaid, and was precipitated to the bottom thereof, ’ ’ sustaining the injuries for which recovery in this action is sought.

1. This complaint is attacked as insufficient because it alleges an affirmative act of the plaintiff, to-wit, that he ran into the mouth of the shaft, as a proximate cause of his injury, and does not contain sufficient allegations to negative contributory negligence. The general rule as settled in this state by the [1] uniform course of decision is that where the complaint shows that a proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury was the act of the plaintiff himself, it will be held insufficient unless it goes further and by appropriate allegations shows that the plaintiff was, at the time, exercising ordinary care and circumspection. (Kennon v. Gilmer, 4 Mont. 433 , 2 Pac. 21 ; Nelson v. City of Helena, 16 Mont. 21 , 39 Pac. 905 ; Hunter v. Montana C. Ry. Co., 22 Mont. 525, 534 , 57 Pac. 140 ; Cummings v. Helena & L. S. & R. Co., 26 Mont. 434 , 68 Pac. 852 ; Ball v. Gussenhoven, 29 Mont. 321, 328 , 74 Pac. 871 ; Nord v. Boston & Mont. etc. Co., 30 Mont. 48 , 75 Pac. 681 ; Birsch v. Citizens’ El. Co., 36 Mont. 574 , 93 Pac. 940 ; Poor v. Madison R. P. Co., 38 Mont. 341, 361 , 99 Pac. 947 ; Montague v. Hanson, 38 Mont. 376 , 99 Pac. 1063 ; Badovinac v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 39 Mont. 454 , 104 Pac. 543 .) Of course this rule has reference only to acts of which negligence must be predicated in the absence of a countervailing explanation.

At what age a child becomes' sui juris, so that negligence may be predicated of his acts, is a matter upon which authorities dif *277 fer. By some it is held that a child of seven years of age is conclusively presumed incapable of contributory negligence. (Watson v. Southern Ry., 66 S. C. 47, 44 S. E. 375 ; Taylor v. Delaware & Hudson Ry., 113 Pa. 162, 176 , 57 Am. Rep. 446 , 8 Atl. 43 ; Chicago etc. Ry. Co. v. Welsh, 118 Ill. 572 , 9 N. E. 197 ; Indianapolis etc. Ry. v. Pitzer, 109 Ind. 179, 194 , 58 Am. Rep. 387 , 6 N. E. 310 , 10 N. E. 70 .) However that may be, the rule in this state is that contributory negligence is not to be inferred as a matter of law, even in the ease of a much older child. (Mason v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 45 Mont. 474 , 124 Pac. 271 .) This being true, it follows that the rule invoked by appellant can have no application to the complaint at bar. But apart from this consideration, we think the averments of the age of the [2] plaintiff; the fact that it was dusk; his ignorance of the existence of the shaft; the natural engrossment in his childish pursuit; and the general allegation that he was “using due care, and prudence and without contributing fault and carelessness on his part” — are, as a matter of pleading, sufficient to negative contributory negligence and to avoid the rule. (Birsch v. Citizens’ El. Co., supra; Poor v. Madison R. P. Co., supra; Evansville & T. H. Ry. v. Crist, 116 Ind. 446 , 9 Am. St. Rep. 865 , 2 L. R. A. 450, 19 N. E. 310 ; 1 Thompson on Negligence, secs. 375, 377, 378.)

2. Under the allegations of the complaint, the respondent was technically a mere trespasser upon the property of the appellant. (Egan v. Montana C. Ry. Co., 24 Mont. 569 , 63 Pac. 831 ; Driscoll v. Clark, 32 Mont. 172 , 80 Pac. 1, 373 .) It is the undoubted rule at common law that the owner of real property owes no duty to trespassers, other than to refrain from intentional injury. Hence no right of action would arise, in the absence of statute, in favor of a trespasser who might suffer injury under the circumstances here pleaded (Driscoll v. Clark, supra) ; but every owner holds his property subject to reasonable control and [3] regulation of the mode of keeping and use as the legislature, under the police power vested in the state, may think necessary for the prevention of injury to the rights of others and *278 the security of the public health and welfare. (Parker v. Barnard, 135 Mass. 116 , 46 Am. Rep. 450 .)

The question, then, is whether or not a trespasser upon private property may recover damages for injury suffered by him while so trespassing, because of the property owner’s failure to comply with section 8535, Revised Codes. This section is found in Title X of Part I of the Penal Code, under the heading, “Crimes Against the Public Health and Safety,” and, so far as pertinent to this ease, reads as follows: “Every person who sinks any shaft * * * or causes the same to be done, within the limits of any city or town or village in this state, or within one mile of the corporate limits of any city or town * * * and who shall fail to place a substantial cover over or tight fence around the same, is punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. The owner of any property * * * shall be deemed to be within the provisions of this Act if he permit any such shaft * * * to remain open, exposed or unprotected upon his property * * * for a period of more than ten days. * * * ” The contention is that this is a mere penal statute, providing its own express sanction, and, in the absence of appropriate language, gives rise to no civil responsibility whatever. ín answer [4] to this we remark that there is by this statute imposed a duty positive and absolute, where none existed before; and it is the well-settled rule that failure to observe such a duty is negligence per se. (Osterholm v. Boston & Mont. etc. Co., 40 Mont. 508 , 107 Pac. 499 ; Neary v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 41 Mont. 480 , 110 Pac. 226; Melville v. Butte-Balaklava C. Co., 47 Mont. 1 , 130 Pac. 441 , 9 L. R. A. (n. s.) 339, note.) In the Melville Case, decided at the last term of this court, we said: “It is the general rule that, where a statute makes a requirement, or prohibits a thing, for the benefit of a person or class of persons, one injured by reason of a violation of it is entitled to maintain an action against him by whose disobedience he has suffered injury; and this is true whether the statute is penal or mot.” To this declaration we still adhere as in accord with the express provisions of our Code. A failure to perform an act imposed by law as an absolute duty is an unlawful omission (section 5051, Rev. *279 Codes); and any person suffering detriment by reason of it may recover damages (section 6040, Rev. Codes).

But it is urged that this principle cannot apply in favor of one not within the purview of the statute by which the duty is imposed, and to this we assent; so that the remaining inquiry is: [5] Does the duty imposed by section 8535 apply for the benefit of persons who may by chance be technical trespassers upon mining property ? This question, both directly and in its analogies, has been before many courts with apparent diversity of result; but no real difficulty is encountered in extracting a consistent rule out of the apparent conflict of decision, when it is observed that the various statutes involved are interpreted according to substantially this classification: (a) Those imposing duties to or for the benefit of the municipality or to the public considered as an entity. From such, statutes no private right of action arises. (Heeney v. Sprague, 11 R. I. 456, 23 Am. Rep. 502 ; Taylor v. L. S. & M. S. Ry., 45 Mich. 74 , 40 Am. Rep. 457 , 7 N. W. 728 ; Frontier Laundry Co. v. Connolly, 72 Neb. 767 , 68 L. R. A. 425, 101 N. W. 995 .) (b) Those imposing duties to persons of a particular class. To have a right of action from such a statute one must clearly belong to the contemplated class. (Osterholm v. Boston & Mont. etc. Co., supra; Toomey v. Southern Pac. R. R. Co., 86 Cal. 374 , 10 L. R. A. 139, 24 Pac. 1074 ; Flanagan v. Sanders, 138 Mich. 253 , 101 N. W. 581 .) (c) Those imposing duties to the public, considered as a composite of individuals, in which ease a right of action does arise in one of the public when, and only when, he has sustained some special injury by reason of noncompliance. (Hayes v. Michigan C. R. Co., 111 U. S. 228, 239, 240 , 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 369, 28 L. Ed. 410 ; Philadelphia W. & B. Ry. v. Stebbing, 62 Md. 504, 516, 517 ; Sluder v. St. Louis Transit Co., 189 Mo. 107 , 5 L. R. A. (n. s.) 186, 187, 88 S. W. 648 ; Union Pac. Ry. v. McDonald, 152 U. S. 262, 282 , 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 619, 38 L. Ed. 434 .) It may be said, and perhaps correctly, that these are essentially restatements of the same thing, looked at from different angles (note, 9 L. R. A. (n. s.) 343) ; but that is unimportant. The important thing is that there are statutes such as we have mentioned under (e), and *280 these statutes usually bear the aspect of police regulations for the protection of the public relative to matters with which the public contact is commonly through individuals, and as to which the individuals are entitled to assume that the law has been observed. (South & North Ala. R. Co. v. Donovan, 84 Ala. 141 , 4 South. 142 ; Jackson v. Kansas C. etc. Ry., 157 Mo. 621 , 80 Am. St. Rep. 650 , 58 S. W. 32 .) In a case relied on by the appellants (Frontier Laundry Co. v. Connolly, supra) the existence and meaning of such statutes is clearly recognized, as follows: “Wherever a statute or ordinance creates a duty or obligation, though it does not in express- terms give a remedy, the remedy which is properly applicable to that obligation follows as an incident ; but whether a liability arising from the breach of a duty prescribed by a statute or ordinance accrues for the benefit of an individual specially injured thereby, or whether such liability is exclusively of a public character, must depend upon the nature of the duty enjoined, and the benefits to be derived from its performance.” The duty enjoined by section 8535 is such that noncompliance affects the public commonly through the person or property of the individual. The benefits to be- derived from its performance inure to the public through the added safety assured to individual person and property, and. can affect the public in no- other way. That the failure to observe the requirements of such a statute will, if the proximate cause of injury, support an action even by a trespasser is sustained by an abundance of authority. (Richardson v. El Paso, C. G. etc. Co., 51 Colo. 440 , 118 Pac. 982 ; Erb v. Morasch, 8 Kan. App. 61 , 54 Pac. 323 ; Alabama & Va. R. Co. v. Carter, 77 Miss. 511 , 27 South. 993 ; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Grablin, 38 Neb. 90 , 56 N. W. 796 , 57 N. W. 522 ; Keyser v. Chicago & Grand Trunk Ry., 66 Mich. 390 , 33 N. W. 867 ; Meeks v. Southern Pac. R. R. Co., 56 Cal. 513 , 38 Am. Rep. 67 ; South & North Ala. Ry. v. Donovan, supra; Hayes v. M. C. R. Co., supra; Jackson v. Kansas C. etc. Ry. Co., supra. )

In further elucidation of our views of this phase of the present case we quote the language of the supreme court of Colorado from the Richardson Case, supra: “An open, unprotected shaft *281 is a menace to life and limb. In the night-time or in a storm persons may fall into it, or children may thoughtlessly approach too near the edge and be precipitated to the bottom. Reasonable provisions, requiring an abandoned shaft to be so protected as to prevent such casualties, come clearly within the police powers of the commonwealth. * * * It is contended that plaintiffs, as well as the deceased, were mere licensees, which did not entitle either of them to the use of the dump in the immediate vicinity of the shaft, which was about 110 feet from the house; that deceased was therefore a trespasser when upon the dump and at the shaft, or, if the license extended to the immediate vicinity of the shaft, * * * the defendant violated none of its obligations growing out of the relationship of owner to licensee or trespasser. The proposition is wholly inapplicable. Plaintiffs’ action is not based upon the ground of a failure on the part of defendant to fulfill any obligation which it owed them or the deceased because they occupied a house on the Australia claim, but upon the failure of the defendant to comply with a statutory requirement, the purpose of which was to protect the public from injury, which neglect, they claim, caused the death of their son. * * * To prevent injury to the public, including children, the General Assembly has required abandoned shafts to be covered. This, as we have said, is a valid police regulation, and the failure of the defendant to perform the duty imposed by statute renders it liable in this case if the death of the boy, in a substantial sense, was caused by its failure to comply with the statute.”

3. It is contended by appellants that this case is not within the provisions of section 8535 of the Penal Code, because it was [6] not shown that the Monidah Trust sank the shaft. The answer is found in the second portion of the section, viz.: ‘ ‘ The owner * * * shall be deemed to be within the provisions of this Act if he permit any such shaft * * * to remain open, exposed or unprotected upon his property * * * for a period of more than ten days. ’ ’ But it is urged that the words “any such shaft” restrict the application of the Act to shafts sunk after its passage. We cannot assent to this. As stated *282 above, the section is a police regulation, and its plain meaning is that no person shall be allowed to have an unprotected shaft, either inside a city, town, or village, or outside of, and within a mile of, the corporate limits of a city or town, and this without regard to when or by whom it may have been sunk. Those who, when the section was enacted found themselves in possession of unprotected shafts so situated were given ten days’ time to cover or inclose them; those who since the section was enacted; as the result of city or town extension, find themselves similarly possessed are given a like time for the same purpose. The phrase “any such shaft” is descriptive of the nature and kind of shaft (State v. Gemmell, 45 Mont. 210 , 122 Pac. 268 ), and means an unprotected shaft that is situated as mentioned in the first part of the section. No other construction is possible in view of the history of the statute and its obvious purpose (Richardson v. El Paso Min. Co., supra).

4. An issue was made in the pleadings as to whether the shaft in question was, at the time of the accident, within a mile of the corporate limits of Butte. One of the grounds of [7] appellants’ motion for nonsuit was as follows: “Sixth. For the reason that the plaintiff has wholly failed to show that the defendants’ mining claim, the Tzarena mining claim, or the shaft thereon rather, was within * * * a mile of the corporate limits of the city of Butte, and for the reason that the plaintiff has wholly failed to establish the corporate- limits of the city of Butte.” We think the motion should have been granted on this ground. The only testimony bearing upon the proximity of the shaft to the city limits is that of McMahon, and nowhere does he say what the fact was at the time of the accident. He testifies entirely as of the date of trial, except that in one unresponsive answer he speaks as of the date -of his survey, which was after the accident. Moreover, while in his direct examination he says, “I know where the boundaries of the city is near what is known as the Tzarena lode claim, No. 1092, and know the city limits in that vicinity,” on his- cross-examination he nullifies this statement and the value of the map he had made by the following declaration: “I got my information as to the *283 corporate limits of the city of Butte from ordinance No. 642 on file in the office of the city clerk.” Respondent asserts that it was not wrong, but praiseworthy, in the surveyor to secure the data for the running of his line from the city ordinance. That is not the point, and that is not what the witness said. Had there been proof by common reputation, as provided in subdivision 11 of section 7887, Revised Codes, or by other means not dependent upon ordinance 642, of the general location of the boundaries, there would then have been no harm in the fact that the surveyor, purposing to make a plat for use in evidence, consulted an ordinance to secure his detail data; but we are given to understand by the statement of McMahon that what he knew about the matter was derived from the ordinance, and he gives no other source. The ordinance itself was introduced in evidence, and it is to be noted that instead of aiding the testimony of McMahon as a source of absolute information, it shows upon its face that it did not, and could not without further proceedings, fix the boundaries as described. To -meet this respondent bears strongly upon the statement of the witness that ordinance No. 642 “went into effect” and “became operative” during the Corby administration, some four or five years before the trial; but this was a mere incidental expression of opinion by a person not shown to be qualified, upon a subject not susceptible of opinion evidence. An attempt is made to show that appellants supplied this deficiency through their witness Hobart, also a civil engineer, who said: “I examined the mining claim known as the Tzarena mining claim situated in the southwest of the city, and also examined the shaft over there which now has a fence around it.” This statement, besides being ambiguous and apropos to a mere general location, does not pretend to advise us concerning the proximity of the shaft to the corporate limits of Butte, and it will not support the inference sought to be drawn from it.

5. Since this case must be reversed, it is unnecessary to enlarge upon the other assignments of alleged error. Suffice it to say that we see no fault in the other rulings complained of, as they are presented by this record.

Rehearing denied May 17, 1913.

The discussion contained in the first part of this opinion settles adversely to appellants the contention that the evidence establishes contributory negligence as a matter of law. We are not prepared to say that, even if plaintiff had been an adult, the evidence would have shown contributory negligence so as to take the case from the jury; and certainly it did not do so as to this infant plaintiff. So, too, we think the evidence was sufficient to establish the damages with as much certainty as is requisite in this class of cases. As to whether it justified the amount awarded by the jury, we express no opinion.

Because of respondent’s failure to submit sufficient proof that the shaft into which he fell was, at the time of the accident, within one mile of the corporate limits of the city of Butte as alleged, the judgment and order appealed from are reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Holloway concur.