State v. Vinn

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY

delivered the opinion of the court.

The defendant, charged by information with statutory rape, committed in Fergus county upon Florence Vinn, a female under the age of eighteen years, was convicted and sentenced to a term of service in the state prison. He has appealed from the judgment and an order denying his motion for a new trial. He was first accused by indictment found and presented by a grand jury on February 27 of this year. Upon arraignment thereon he entered his plea of not guilty, and the trial was set for March 11. At that time, after a jury had been impaneled, an objection by counsel to the introduction of evidence by the prosecution, on the ground that the indictment did not state a public offense, was sustained, and the indictment dismissed. Thereupon the court ordered the defendant to be held in custody, and directed the county attorney to file an information, counsel for defendant objecting and reserving an exception. On the *32 following day the information was presented and filed. The defendant, having been brought into court and arraigned, waived the time allowed by the statute in which to plead, entered his plea of not guilty, and consented to be put upon his trial immediately.

1. The jurisdiction of the court is challenged, on the ground [1] that it erred in directing the county attorney to file an information after the indictment was dismissed. Counsel insists that the defendant had the right either to have a preliminary examination previous to the filing of the information, or to have the case submitted for investigation to another grand jury. The question presented by the first alternative of counsel’s contention is disposed of by the cases of State v. Bowser, 21 Mont. 133 , 53 Pac. 179 , and State v. Chevigny, 48 Mont. 382 , 138 Pac. 257 . In the former it was held that the defendant is not entitled, as a matter of right, to have a preliminary examination prior to the filing of an information, because the Constitution specifically provides that an information may be .filed either after examination and commitment, or after leave granted by the court. It was there said: ‘ ‘ There can be no interpretation put upon any statute of the state which will take away the constitutional right of prosecution by information filed in the district court after leave has been granted by the court, where there has been no examination and commitment, or where there has been no prosecution by indictment.”

The order directing the filing of the information was certainly equivalent to granting leave to file it. This being so, and the court having jurisdiction of the offense, by entering his plea [2] without a written motion to set aside the information and consenting to go to trial, the defendant waived his right to question the propriety of the prior proceedings. (State v. Chevigny, supra; Rev. Codes, sec. 9194.) By what we have so far said we do not mean to concede that there was any irregularity in the proceedings. If, under the particular circumstances, the county attorney was authorized to prosecute by information, instead of upon indictment, whether leave was granted in the form of- an *33 order peremptory or permissive in character, the result was the same.

The question presented by the second alternative is whether, [3] after a defendant has once been indicted by a grand jury, and the indictment has been dismissed because of substantial defect in it, the county attorney may prosecute by information. In other words, if a prosecution has been initiated by indictment under the provision of the Constitution (Art. III, sec. 8), must it be conducted to final judgment exclusively by this method? The provision of the Constitution, so far as pertinent here, is as follows: “All criminal actions in the district court, except those on appeal, shall be prosecuted by information, after examination and commitment, by a magistrate, or after leave granted by the court, or shall be prosecuted by indictment without such examination or commitment, or without such leave of the court. ’ ’

By entering his plea without testing the indictment or information by demurrer, the defendant waives all defects therein, except that the court has not jurisdiction over the offense, and that the facts stated do not constitute an offense. The pleading may be tested in either or both of these respects by appropriate objection at the hearing; the objection being equivalent to, and serving the purpose of, a demurrer. (Rev. Codes, sec. 9208.) Section 9204 of the Revised Codes provides: “If the demurrer is allowed, the judgment is final upon the indictment or information demurred to, and is a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, unless the court, being of the opinion that the objection on which the demurrer is allowed may be avoided in a new indictment, or another or an amended information, directs the case to be submitted to another grand jury, or directs another or an amended information to be filed.” We are inclined to the opinion that the question submitted was not properly reserved by objection at the hearing, but that the defendant should have moved formally to set aside the information. For present purposes we shall waive this question and consider the defendant’s objection at the time the order was made, followed by his objection at the hearing, as properly presenting it.

*34 So far as we have been able to ascertain, the provision of onr Constitution supra is not found in that of any other state. In some of the states, as in Tennessee, all public offenses, except when the proceeding is by impeachment, may be prosecuted only upon indictment or presentment. (Const. Tenn., Art. I, sec. 14.) In others, as in Louisiana, any crime not capital, except one arising in the militia, may be prosecuted by indictment or information. (Const. La. 1884, Bill of Rights, Art. V.) In still others, as in California, with the exceptions mentioned, prosecutions may be by information after examination and commitment by a magistrate, or by indictment with or without such commitment, as may be provided by law. (Const. Cal., Art I, sec. 8.) In Idaho the prosecution by information must be preceded by an examination and commitment. (Const. Idaho, Art. X, sec. 8.) It will be observed that in all of these provisions the course to be pursued by the prosecuting authorities is definitely marked out or may be declared by the legislature. While it was held in State v. Ah Jim, 9 Mont. 167 , 23 Pac. 76 , that the provision in our Constitution was'not self-executing, but required legislative action to put it in force, it has never been held that it is within the power of the legislature to limit the scope of the provision by imposing upon the courts and prosecuting officers restrictions other than those declared therein. One of the purposes of the convention in formulating it, and the people in adopting it, was to dispense with the slow, expensive, and therefore unsatisfactory procedure by indictment, and to substitute a procedure expeditious and inexpensive, to be availed of by the prosecuting officers at their discretion, subject to control by the court, to guard a particular defendant against oppression and malice, and prevent abuse of power by the county attorney. (State v. Brett, 16 Mont. 360 , 40 Pac. 873 ; State v. Cain, 16 Mont. 561 , 41 Pac. 709 .) The precedent examination and commitment by a magistrate, or the authority of the court to withhold leave to prosecute, was deemed sufficient, ordinarily, to safeguard the citizen from an unwarranted prosecution which might, in exceptional cases, be prompted by well-meaning *35 ignorance or tbe malice of a public prosecutor. The provision, in effect, declares that no citizen shall be held to answer, except upon a charge preferred by one of the methods of procedure indicated. There is nothing in it to indicate an intention that any citizen has a vested right to be charged by one method, to the exclusion of the other. Its provisions are in the alternative, without express limitations as to either, and we think it was the intention that either the indictment or information should be available, and that either might be resorted to in case the other should not be available, or for any cause break down during the progress of the prosecution. Of course, the prosecution cannot be conducted by information-and indictment both. Nor, after the defendant has been once tried and finally -convicted or acquitted, may he be put upon trial for the same offense again. (Const., Art III, sec. 18.) But this does not mean that, after an indictment has been dismissed, he may not be charged with the same offense by any method the use of which is permitted by the Constitution, until his guilt or innocence has been ascertained by the verdict of a jury, or, in any event until he has once been in jeopardy.

We have been referred to but a single case in which the identical question under consideration has been discussed. Under a statute providing that offenses might be prosecuted either by indictment or information, the supreme court of Kansas held that the finding of an indictment by a grand jury did not limit the state, from the inception to the close of the prosecution, to one form of procedure, but that it was competent for the county attorney to prefer an information charging the same offense, though an indictment was still pending. The court said: “Of course, a party cannot be put upon trial upon an indictment and information for. the same offense at the same time; and in this sense the state cannot prosecute by indictment and information. But the indictment and information are simply the pleadings on the part of the state. Each one constitutes a separate action, and it is not bound to dismiss one *36 action before it commences another.” (State v. McKinney, 31 Kan. 570 , 3 Pac. 358 .)

The cases of Alderman v. State, 24 Neb. 97 , 38 N. W. 36 , State v. Stewart, 47 La. Ann. 410 , 16 South. 945 , and United States v. Nagle, 17 Blatchf. 258 , Fed. Cas. No. 15,852, discuss analogous questions and are at least persuasive. But, without the authority of these cases, we think the purpose of the provision was as stated above, and that, when the indictment in this case was found insufficient, the county attorney had authority, under the control of the court, to initiate a prosecution by information. Nor do we think the statute swpra should be construed as prescribing a different rule. If, as we have said, the provision of the Constitution intended that public offenses should be prosecuted either by indictment or information, according as the exigencies of the public welfare required, then, as said in State v. Bowser, supra, no interpretation can be put upon any statute that limits or restricts its meaning. And though the statute seems to declare that, when an indictment has been held defective on demurrer, the defendant is entitled to go free, unless the court directs the case to be submitted to another grand jury, we construe it to mean that, when this exigency arises, the court is vested with a discretion to pursue this course or permit an information to be filed curing the defects disclosed by the demurrer. The legislature certainly could not have intended that, notwithstanding the facts in the possession of the county attorney and brought to the knowledge of the court, showing that the public welfare requires a prosecution of the defendant, resort must be had again to the slow and expensive procedure of indictment, when the procedure by information would be just as safe and effective and far more expeditious. This construction may seem forced. "We must, however, adopt it, or declare the statute to be an unwarranted limitation of the constitutional provision, and hence invalid. This we do not feel it ñeeessary to do.

2. It appeared from the evidence that Florence Vinn is the daughter of Mrs. Frank Vinn by a former husband, whose name *37

[4] was Trummer; tbe daughter being called by the name of her stepfather. She was permitted to testify to various acts of intercourse with her by her stepfather, prior to the date of the act charged in the information. The contention is made that the evidence was incompetent, and must have prejudiced the jury, because it tended to prove other distinct offenses by the defendant. While there is some conflict in the decisions on the point, we think the case of State v. Peres, 27 Mont. 358 , 71 Pac. 162 , should be accepted as settling the rule in this jurisdiction. Under this decision the contention made by counsel must be overruled. As in that case, the court in this case, by proper instruction, limited the purpose for which the evidence was admitted. It is not controverted that the instruction was correct, if the evidence was competent.

3. The only witness introduced by the state in chief was Florence Yinn. She testified that on March 27, 1913, the date of the crime charged, she was in her seventeenth year, having been [5] born on July 9, 1895. She was questioned further as to the sources of her knowledge, and stated that her mother had told her of the date of her birth. She also stated that she had seen the certificate of her baptism, which recited the date of her birth. It was objected that this evidence was not admissible, because it was hearsay. Such evidence falls within the exception to the general rule against hearsay. In State v. Bowser, supra, this court said: “Recent authorities hold that the age of a prosecuting witness alleged to be under the age of consent may be proved by her own testimony. (Underhill on Criminal Evidence, sec. 342; Wharton’s Criminal Evidence, sec. 236; People v. Ratz, 115 Cal. 132 , 46 Pac. 915 ; Bain v. State, 61 Ala. 75 .) The fact that the witness derived her knowledge of her age from statements of her parents, or family reputation, does not make it inadmissible. Persons of the age of discretion, and many who are of even tender years, know enough of themselves to state their ages with intelligence and accuracy. Such testimony is often essential to prove age, and for this reason it is *38 competent, being excepted from the rules generally excluding hearsay evidence.”

Counsel also make the point that the court erred in permitting the witness to testify that she had seen the certificate of baptism at the. home of her parents in Wisconsin, where she was born, prior to their removal, first to Iowa, then to Minnesota, and subsequently to Montana. It may be conceded, as counsel contend, that the baptismal record was not admissible to prove the date of the witness’ birth, though it recited this date. (Durfee v. Abbott, 61 Mich. 471 , 28 N. W. 521 ; Greenleaf v. Dubuque & S. C. Ry. Co., 30 Iowa, 301 ; People v. Mayne, 118 Cal. 516 , 62 Am. St. Rep. 256 , 50 Pac. 654 .) The result of the examination, however, was not to introduce the contents of the certificate, but to disclose to the jury how, in part, the. witness obtained her knowledge. If the person whose age is in question may prove it by his own testimony, the fact that he gains his knowledge from the statements of his parents or from family reputation does not render his testimony inadmissible. (State v. Bowser, supra; People v. Ratz, 115 Cal. 132 , 46 Pac. 915 .) He certainly cannot have personal knowledge of the circumstances attending his birth, nor of its date. Neither do we see how such testimony can be rendered incompetent by the fact that the same knowledge has also been gained by the reading of writings in possession of the family and preserved as records of family history. Of course, it was not incumbent upon the county attorney to inquire of the witness as to the sources of her knowledge. That he did so, thus invading, perhaps, the province of counsel for defendant, was not made the ground of objection.

4. Mrs. Frank Yinn, called by defendant, testified that her daughter was bom on July 9, 1894, and that at the date of the alleged rape she was over the age of eighteen years. Several witnesses were called in rebuttal, who testified that on various occasions, prior and subsequent to the date of the offense, she had stated to them that the daughter was under eighteen years [6] of age. In this connection Alice 0 ’Hara was called. She stated that she was the county superintendent of schools for *39 Fergus county. Tbe county attorney tben bad ber identify tbe school census for Fergus county, including that of tbe district in which tbe defendant resided. Her evidence otherwise tended to show that tbe record bad been kept as required by law. It was tben admitted in evidence, over the objection of counsel for defendant, that it was hearsay. The ruling was proper. Tbe document was a public record required by law to be kept by this officer. (Par. 3, sec. 512, Chap. 76, Laws 1913.) It was admissible as prima facie evidence of tbe facts therein stated. (Rev. Codes, sec. 7926; Hedrick v. Hughes, 15 Wall. 123 , 21 L. Ed. 52 ; Levels v. St. Louis etc. Ry. Co., 196 Mo. 606 , 94 S. W. 275 .)

5. In paragraph 4 of the charge tbe jury were instructed that [7, 8] tbe evidence of the prosecutrix alone, if believed by them, was sufficient to sustain a conviction. Counsel contend that this was error, in that the court omitted to charge also that the jury should consider the testimony in connection with the other evidence in the case, and give it such weight as they then thought it entitled to. While we agree with counsel that, upon proper request, the court ought to have formulated the instruction to meet his views, since no such request was made, and since the instruction was correct so far as it went, there is no ground for complaint. “The direct evidence of one witness who is entitled to full credit is sufficient for proof of any fact, except perjury and treason.” (Rev. Codes, sec. 7861.) The rule applies to the evidence of a prosecutrix in a rape case as well as to witnesses in other cases (State v. Peres, supra), though a different rule prevails in other jurisdictions. In another paragraph of the charge the court instructed the jury fully as to how they should weigh and credit the evidence of the different witnesses. In the absence of a request for a special precautionary instruction, this was sufficient to meet all requirements.

6. Finally, it is contended that the verdict is contrary to the evidence. It is true that the mother contradicted the daughter as to her age, and that the defendant denied that he had ever had sexual intercourse with her. As already noted, there was *40 testimony stowing that the mother on different occasions stated the age of her daughter to be as the latter testified, and also that she had admitted to at least two persons that she had knowledge that her husband had had sexual relations with her daughter. The daughter’s evidence was sufficient to make a ease for the jury. As we have so often said, it is the province of the jury [9] to solve all questions as to the credibility of the different witnesses, and with their conclusion thereon we may not interfere.

The judgment and order are affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mb. Justice Sanneb concurs. Mb. JustiCe Holloway did not hear the argument, and takes no part in the foregoing decision.