Sevanin v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co.

MR. COMMISSIONER AYERS

prepared the opinion for the court.

On December 5, .1916, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, in operating its main line of railroad from Chicago to Seattle, maintained a turntable at Harlowton, then Meagher, now Wheatland, county. Harlowton being the sta *550 tion to which its trains coming from the Bast were changed from steam to electric power, it was necessary to turn the steam engines on said turntable for their return trips. The turntable was operated and propelled by compressed air, conveyed to it by am overhead iron pipe, and in cold weather the air would become frequently congested by frost. The plaintiff, administrator of the estate of Panteli Simeon Katsios, deceased, by his amended complaint of September 28, 1918, seeks to recover from the defendant company $25,000 for the death of Katsios, negligently caused by it. He alleges the foregoing facts, and that Katsios at the time of his death, December 5, 1916, and for a long time prior thereto, was an employee of the defendant, and was employed by it in interstate commerce, to make repairs and improvements on its railway lines and to assist in operating the said turntable, and in operating and running engines in and out of the roundhouse at Harlowton; that the employees were directed, and it became customary for them to thaw said pipe by applying fire thereto, which was done by means of an iron rod with a lighted torch of waste fastened to one end, and in order to reach the air-pipe they would run an engine under it, climb on top of the cab thereof, and hold the torch aloft to the air-pipe. Near the pipe and paralleling it ran an electric wire of high voltage, carrying current sufficient at all times to kill human beings. Then follows the allegation of negligence to the effect that the defendant directed and allowed its servants (no mention of deceased as one of them) to stand on an engine and use an iron rod for a torch handle in proximity to the high-voltage wire, both of which were effectual conductors of electricity, and that it negligently failed to insulate the iron engine, or to furnish a nonconduetive bar for the torch; that deceased, “while.using the said bar in the performance of his work under the defendant, and exercising ordinary^ care on his part and ignorantly standing on an iron conductor, suffered grievous bodily injury, by the escape of said electric current into his body, *551 through said bar,” which caused his death. That this complaint would not withstand an attack by demurrer is apparent. In a case of this character the complaint must dis- [1] close not only the negligence, but facts showing that the negligence was the proximate cause of the injury causing death. (Allen v. Bear Creek Coal Co., 43 Mont. 269, 115 Pac. 678 ; Glover v. Chicago M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 54 Mont. 446 , 171 Pac. 278 ; Stones v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 59 Mont. 342 , 197 Pac. 252 .) The complaint alleges the negligent furnishing of appliances, but it does not set out facts showing how the accident occurred, nor does it allege any facts concerning deceased’s whereabouts, what he was doing with said rod, what work he was engaged in, or on what iron conductor he was ignorantly standing when he received the injury. If we were to infer from plaintiff’s complaint,in addition to his allegation above quoted, that deceased was following the alleged custom of the employees and standing on an engine, holding aloft an iron rod with a torch on one end which he was applying to the air-pipe for the purpose of thawing it, we would be reading into the complaint just that much.

The complaint was not attacked by demurrer or otherwise or at all before the trial. The defendant answered and sought to raise the sufficiency of the complaint at the trial by objection to the introduction of testimony. This attack would have been good had it not been for the affirmative allegations of its answer to the effect that deceased climbed upon an engine and with a torch on the end of an iron rod was applying the same to the compressed-air pipe, which had become frozen, when he brought the rod in contact with the electric wire, and that by reason thereof the current was communicated to his body and caused his death. The electric wire, the air-pipe, the engine, and the iron rod are described by the affirmative allegations of the answer so that there is no room for doubt but that they are the same as mentioned in the complaint. The answer supplies exactly what the com *552 plaint lacks, the facts showing causation, and that one pleading may provide necessary allegations omitted from the pleading of an adversary is the rule at common law (1 Chitty on Pleading, p. 703), and has been adopted and recognized by all states proceeding under the Code system (1 Sutherland on Code Pleading, Practice, and Forms, see. 361; Bliss on Code Pleading, 3d ed., sec. 437; Pomeroy on Code Remedies, sec. 579; 31 Cye. 714.) This has long and consistently been the rule in Montana. (Hershfield & Bro. v. Aiken, 3 Mont. 442 ; Murphy v. Phelps, 12 Mont. 531 , 31 Pac. 64 ; Hamilton v. Great Falls St. Ry. Co., 17 Mont. 334 , 42 Pac. 860 , 43 Pac. 713 ; Lynch v. Bechtel, 19 Mont. 548 , 48 Pac. 1112 ; Crowder v. McDonnell, 21 Mont. 367 , 54 Pac. 43 ; Hefferlin v. Karlman, 29 Mont. 139 , 74 Pac. 201 ; Harmon v. Fox, 31 Mont. 324 , 78 Pac. 517 ; Mantle v. White, 47 Mont. 234 , 132 Pac. 22 ; Stephens v. Conley, 48 Mont. 352 , Ann. Cas. 1915D, 958, 138 Pac. 189 .)

The plaintiff desiring to bring before this court the evidence [2] introduced below, gave notice of settlement of the stenographer’s transcript before Honorable John A. Matthews,! judge who tried the ease, but who at the time was a justice of this court. Notwithstanding his retirement from the trial bench, Justice Matthews heard and settled the stenographer’s transcript. The defendant did not appear at the time, but saved its exception to his action in the settlement of the same, and urges here as error that he, not being a district judge where the action was pending, had no authority under the statutes to settle the transcript. No contention. is made that the transcript is not correct or that the consideration thereof by this court will prevent a fair hearing, consideration, and decision of the appeal on its merits. It is physically here and it is manifestly correct. True, it did not come here in the identical way provided by statute (Laws 1915, Chap. 149), but, being here, it must be considered unless removed by motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of a transcript, or to strike the alleged transcript from the record, or some kindred *553 motion. Section 97é7, Eevised Codes of 1921, which was section 7116, Eevised Codes of 1907, provides: “All objections to the record and brief of appellant shall be deemed waived unless a motion to dismiss is made because thereof, except such as will prevent a fair hearing, consideration, and decision of the appeal on its merits.” No such motion or kindred motion was made, and no showing is attempted that the consideration of the transcript as settled will prevent a fair hearing, consideration, and decision of the appeal on its merits. On the contrary, the hearing proceeded in this court on the theory that the transcript was entirely correct. To take any other view than that of considering the transcript would be chasing a shadow at the expense of letting the substance escape.

On the'Merits.

At the conclusion of plaintiff’s case, defendant moved for a nonsuit, which motion was sustained, and judgment entered thereon. This appeal is from the judgment, and the only error specified is that “the court erred in sustaining the defendant’s motion for a nonsuit.” Thus a consideration of the entire testimony has been necessary.

Deceased was a hostler’s helper at the roundhouse, and had been so engaged at least a month and a half immediately before his death. Plaintiff never worked on the same shift with deceased, but did the same work on the opposite shift, lie and his partner used the same rod for thawing the air line by climbing on the cab of an engine. The air line was four or five feet from the electric wire. Eli Evanoff, the only eye-witness to the accident, testified that deceased, when killed, was standing on top of the cab; that he had an iron rod in his hand; that there was lighted waste on one end of it; that he handed the rod down and twice witness placed waste on it and handed it back, and then when in the act of handing it down again “he [meaning deceased] swung into the electric wire and it came into contact, and that is the end of it.” There was a strong wind, and the witness *554 expressed an opinion that the wind blew the rod against the wire. However, the testimony of the witness Baxter, an engine dispatcher, is to the undisputed effect that the electric wire is higher than the air-pipe. The very nature of things— the electric wire higher than the air-pipe and four or five feet away, the iron rod about ten feet long, necessarily heavy —would destroy the witness’ theory that the wind blew the rod against the wire. To do so the wind must not only blow the rod sidewise, but must actually lift it into the air. Evan-off further testified that deceased brought the engine up to where it was standing when he was killed; that the rod was close to the turntable; that deceased secured it without direction from anyone; that the foreman did not instruct him about his work that morning; that deceased was talking to Baxter, the engine dispatcher; and that “they were both talking at 'the turntable and pointing to the frozen pipe; that is all I know.” Hence we must conclude from the record that deceased brought the engine to the place where it stood when he was killed, without instructions from anyone. He secured the iron rod and mounted the cab of the engine without instruction; and the record is silent as to whether these acts were in fact a part of his duties, and is also silent as» to what were his duties as a hostler’s helper, and, in the absence of any showing, we must also conclude that the plaintiff has not discharged his burden in this respect. The most that can be urged is that the appliances, the engine and the rod, were selected by deceased and used with defendant’s acquiescence, but, if any negligence could be predicated upon such acquiescence, it must be based upon failure to warn, which is not relied upon as a ground of negligence. ■

On the other hand, if we assume that the appliances, the engine and the rod, were furnished by the defendant, or that their use was acquiesced in by it, there is no evidence that they were unsuitable if used with ordinary care. True, the rod was a conductor of electricity, but the electric wire was four or five feet from the air line where the rod was being *555 used, and above it, and certainly no more than ordinary care was necessary to keep the rod from coming in contact with the wire under those circumstances.

The master must exercise reasonable care to furnish rea [3] sonably safe and suitable appliances under all the circumstances of the case. (Fritz v. Salt Lake etc. Light Co., 18 Utah, 493 , 56 Pac. 90 ; Forquer v. Slater Brick Co., 37 Mont. 427 , 97 Pac. 843 ; Wallace v. Chicago, M. & S. P. Ry. Co., 48 Mont. 427 , 138 Pac. 499 ; Surman v. Cruse, 57 Mont. 253 , 187 Pac. 890 ; Markarites v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 59 Mont. 493 , 197 Pac. 743 .) There is a reciprocal duty upon the part of an employee, when the appliance is furnished him, to exercise reasonable and ordinary care in its use. (Stewart v. Pittsburg Copper Co., 42 Mont. 200 , 111 Pac. 723 .) This duty on the part of the servant must necessarily increase with the dangerous character of the work. Danger' is attendant upon any work near wires of the character involved in this case. But we -cannot impose upon the master the duty of [4] furnishing an appliance which would make it impossible for the servant to become injured. Such a doctrine would extend the rule unreasonably and to the point of making the master an insurer of the safety of the servant. As a matter of fact, in this case it does not appear that any such appliance could have been furnished, while it does appear that there was no danger if the appliance furnished was kept away from the wire which was known by deceased to be heavily charged with electricity, for no complaint is made that the defendant was negligent in failing to warn him of its dangerous character.

The record fails to show that the deceased, when injured, [5] was acting within the scope of his employment, that the appliances complained of were furnished him by defendant, or, even if presumed to have been furnished by the defendant or their use acquiesced in by it, it fails to show that they were unsuitable if properly used by him. This plaintiff was obliged to establish before recovery could be had, for he must *556 prove that the defendant failed to perform its duty toward the deceased, as charged in the complaint, and, in consequence of such failure, that deceased received the injury which caused his death. (Pennsylvania Co. v. Whitcomb, 111 Ind. 212 , 12 N. E. 380 ; 4 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 3866; "Wood on Master and Servant, secs. 345, 346; Boyd v. Blumenthal, 3 Penne. (Del.) 564, 52 Atl. 330 ; Markarites v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 59 Mont. 493 , 197 Pac. 743 .) But from the record before us we are justified in saying further that the appliances, regardless of how they came to the hands of the deceased, were reasonably safe and suitable under all the facts and circumstances of the case, and that the injury causing death was due to the inattention and indifference of deceased to his own safety. When injury results from the negligent use by a servant of a reasonably safe and suitable appliance, there is no liability. (Cahill v. Hilton, 106 N. Y. 512 , 13 N. E. 339 ; Masich v. American Smelting & Refining Co., 44 Mont. 36 , 118 Pac. 764 ; Labatt on Master and Servant, sec. 1520.) To say otherwise would be requiring the master to take better care of the servant than he, the servant, takes of himself.

We recommend that the judgment be affirmed.

Per Curiam : For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment is affirmed.

Affirmed.