State v. Samuels

The opinion of the court was delivered by Kalisch, J.

The plaintiff in error was convicted in the Atlantic County Quarter Sessions upon an indictment charging him with having obtained money under false pretences. From the judgment on this conviction ho has appealed to this court. The case is before us on assignments of errors and under section 136 of the Criminal Procedure act.

This judgment must be reversed for an error in the judge's charge prejudicial to the defendant. The fifth assignment of error is founded on an exception taken, by counsel of defendant, to that portion of the charge wherein the judge instructed the jury, as follows: “If you believe that any witness has made a false statement with respect to any material fact bearing on the issue involved in this case, von may dis *132 regard all of the testimony of such witness or you may disregard such portion of the testimony as you believe to be untrue and accept as truthful that which remains.” This ivas clearly an erroneous and harmful declaration of the rule, and was condemned by this court in State v. Dugan, 84 N. J. L. 603, 606; affirmed by the Court of Errors and Appeals, 85 Id. 730.

Counsel of the state attests to defend the legal accuracy of this instiuwvKo'u by insisting that the present ease is to be üistmguished from the Dugan case, supra, in that, in the case at bar, the court did not use the word “untrae,” which was the term used in the Dugan case, but used the term “false statement.” This latter declaration is but partially accurate. While it is true that the trial judge used the term “false statement,” he defined what he meant thereby when in immediate connection therewith he told the jury: “You may disregard all of the testimony of such witness or you may disregard such portion of the testimony as you believe to be untrue and accept as truthful that which remains.” For the state it is further insisted that the term “false statement” is entirely different in meaning from the words “untrue statement.” That the word “false” as here used generally imports willfulness. No reason is advanced for this assertion. We find no such distinction recognized by lexicographers. “False” and “untrue,” as adjectives, are stated by them to be synonymous terms. The standard dictionaries give to these words, as adjectives, the same signification. Whether or not in common usage of the term “false statement” or “untrue statement” connotes “willfully and knowingly” is unimportant. If there is such an implication there can be no substantial differentiation arising from the terms used, because it requires the same conjunction of will to make a conscious untrue statement as it does a conscious false statement. In either case, however, willfulness is not inherent, but a condition or state of mind preceding the making of the conscious false or untrue statement. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance when using the term “false statement” in a legal proceeding not to permit the phrase to bear the im *133 port of willfully falso, because whether or not it was willfully false becomes a question of fact for the jury to decide in passing upon the credibility of the witness regarding his entire testimony.

Professor Wigmore, in discussing the maxim, "falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus” in volume 2, paragraph 1013, of his excellent treatise on the law of evidence, says: “The notion behind the maxim is that though a person may err in memory or observation or skill upon one point, and yet be competent upon others, yet a person who once deliberately mis-states, one wlio goes contrary to his own knowledge or belief, is equally likely to do the same thing repeatedly and is not to he reckoned with at’all, hence it is essential to the application of the maxim that there should have been a conscions falsehood.” On this same subject the text in 40 Cyc. 2588, 2589, reads as follows: “The fact that a witness has sworn falsely to a material fact does not authorize the disregarding of the rest of his testimony where the falsehood is due to mistake and not to willfulness. The mere falsity of the statement does not warrant an imputation of willful perjury where it might reasonably Lave been the result of a mistake.”

The cases seem to bo in harmony on the point that the application of the rule “falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus” can only be properly invoked when the false testimony or statement is willfully or knowingly or intentionally given or made concerning a material fact in the case; and that an instruction to a jury that if a witness has made a false statement or testified falsely, without qualifying it by willfully, knowingly or intentionally, relating to a material fact in the case, the jury may reject all or any portion of the testimony given by such witness, is erroneous. Ducharme v. Holyoke St. Ry. Co., 203 Mass. 384 ; 89 N. E. Rep. 561; Chicago & S. L. R. R. Co. v. Kline, 77 Id. 229; Pauton v. People, 114 Ill. 505 ; 2 N. E. Rep. 411; Moelt v. People, 85 N. Y. 373 ; Childs v. State, 76 Ala. 93 ; Prater v. State, 107 Id 26; Smith v. State, 75 So. Rep. 627 .

The case of State v. Martin (Court of Errors and Appeals), 77 N. J. L. 652, relied on by counsel of the state, as supporting his contention, does not lay down a rule contrary to that *134 which is expressed in the text-books and cases above cited. A'n examination of the ease last referred to shows that the question here discussed was not raised; and, that when Mr. Chief Justice Gummere, in speaking for the court, in the course of his opinion, said, that the jury having found “they had testified falsely, upon this material part of the case, it was justified in disbelieving their statement that Clara H. Woodward was the person whose money was loaned,” he was giving a simple description of what the jury found upon the evidence and not attempting 'to formulate any rule for the guidance of a jury. Besides the expression used does not exclude the notion that the jury, in finding that the witnesses testified falsely, was controlled by the fact that the witnesses did so consciously.

The California cases, to -which allusion has been made as holding the contrary view to that adopted here by us, are in the first place controlled by a statute peculiar to the State of California, and, secondly, the construction placed upon the word “false” by the courts of that state, when applying the rule of the statute, appeal's to us to be against the decided •weight of the judicial opinion of the courts of this country. But we need pursue this subject no farther. We have already sufficiently pointed out that even if the term “false statement” connotes “willfully false” the same cannot be said of the term “untrue;” yet, nevertheless, the trial judge, in plain words, instructed the jury that it could disregard such portion of the testimony as it believed to be untrue, and accept as truthful that which remains. Having reached the result that the judgment under review must be reversed for the error in the judge’s charge, vre find it unnecessary to express any opinion upon the other matters assigned as errors. .

The judgment is reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.