Clawson v. State

Hodge, J.

1. At the very threshold of this case we are confronted by a very important and doubtful question of law, affecting the general scope of this part of the criminal law of this state, on which we have received no aid from counsel on either side, and upon which the field of at least suggestive decisions is quite extended, and has involved us in much labor and research. That question is whether our statute (sec. 4428, Stats. 1898) makes criminal the obtaining by false pretenses a promissory note or other evidence of indebtedness. Our statute, adopted originally from Massachusetts, makes criminal only the obtaining of “money, goods, wares, merchandise, or other property.” The Massachusetts statute was substantially an adoption of the English acts of 30 Geo. II. cap. 24, and 52 Geo. III. cap. 64. Since the respective adoptions the statutes have been modified both' in *653 England and Massachusetts by an addition to the list of property wbicb might be the subject of the crime, of apt words to describe evidences of indebtedness, and in the overwhelming majority of other states the statutes defining the crime of false pretenses either nominate expressly, “evidence of indebtedness” or do not, like ours, contain such a category of tangible material property as to suggest, by noscitur a sociis, a limitation of the final general words to similarity to such á preceding category. We have been unable to find either in England or in Massachusetts a decision whether evidences of debt might be the subject of obtaining goods under false pretenses during the period that their statutes failed to-cover them specifically.

Our own statute was first considered in State v. Green, 7 Wis. 676 , wherein the charge was of obtaining a check, which, however, seems to have been cashed, so that the accused did in fact obtain the money, although that fact seems not to have been charged in the indictment. No question was raised or-considered by the court as to the sufficiency of this allegation to satisfy the clause of the statute, the indictment being held bad on other groimds. The nqxt case was State v. Kube, 20 Wis. 217 , which was a charge of obtaining “a package of money containing the stun of $60 in bank bills.” The court held, not that bank bills were included in the expression “other property,” but were described by the word “money;”' for the reason that such word, in reasonable and colloquial use, signified whatever customarily passed current as a medium of exchange and commerce, and was not necessarily confined to coined metals. The next case of significance is State v. Black, 75 Wis. 490, 498 , 44 N. W. 635 , where the ultimate decision was that the obtaining of board and lodging, or, as the court characterized it, a mere credit, was not penal under this section. But it was there said:

“We are to remember that.it is a criminal statute we are-construing. It should not be so construed as to multiply crimes, unless required by the context. The word ‘property’" *654 is, in many cases, construed to include 'things in action and evidences of debt. Subd. 3, 4, sec. 4972, R. S. 1878. Rut tbe words 'other property,’ in the statute quoted, must, under the familiar rule, noscitur a sociis, be limited to such tangible classes of property as are therein previously enumerated; that is to say, 'money, goods, wares, merchandise, and other property’ of that description.”

In Bates v. State, 124 Wis. 612 , 103 N. W. 251 , the holding was that a charge of obtaining money was not satisfied by proof of obtaining drafts by one bank on another, although in course of discussion it was said that for the obtaining of such drafts the defendant could be prosecuted. That was said upon the authority of Comm. v. Coe, 115 Mass. 481 , overlooking the distinction between the present statutes of that state and our own.

This seems to be the extent of decision on the subject in Wisconsin, and, as a result, we may fairly consider the question an open one here. The words quoted from State v. Blade are perhaps a more deliberate and authoritative expression of the view of this court as to the true construction of this statute than the remark dropped in Bates v. State, but in both the court was speaking arguendo and not directly considering the question whether the words "other property” were intended by the legislature to include such an evidence •of debt as a formal promissory note, bank draft, or a check, all of which are doubtless generally included within the word “property,” when used in other statutes. Subd. 3, 4, sec. 4972, Stats. 1898; Storm v. Cotzhausen, 38 Wis. 139 ; State v. Coyle, 41 Wis. 267 ; Wayland Univ. v. Boorman, 56 Wis. 657 , 14 N. W. 819 .

In other states, where the statutes do not by clear expression include bills and notes, the decisions are in favor of their inclusion under such expressions as "other property,” or "other valuable thing,” or "valuable effects.” State v. Tomlin, 29 N. J. Law, 13; State v. Thatcher, 35 N. J. Law, 445, 453; State v. Switzer, 63 Vt. 604, 607 , 22 Atl. 724 ; People *655 v. Stone, 9 Wend. 182, 190 ; State v. Patty, 97 Iowa, 373, 377 , 66 N. W. 727 . In tbe Thatcher and Stone Gases tbe •court reaches tbis conclusion by somewhat dogmatically de-claring that tbe intention of tbe legislature was obviously to include all things which might be the subject of larceny, and hence that the words “or other property” must be viewed as an intended addition to the more specific designations of property preceding them. In other words, that the rule nos--citur a sociis should not be applied to restrain the concluding words from their full effect. In Iowa the application of the words “other property” to evidences of indebtedness is predicated on a provision of the Code similar to our sec. 4972, to the effect that property includes personal and real property, and personal property includes evidences of debt and things an action — an argument which has generally been denied full effect, for, uniformly, “other property,” in these statutes, has been held not to include real estate. State v. Burrows, II Ired. Law, 477; Comm. v. Woodrun, 4 Clark (Pa. L. J. Rep.) 207 (*362); People v. Cummings, 114 Cal. 437 , 46 Pac. 284 .

The rule noscitur a sociis is, of course, only a rule of construction, although among those most frequently applied and perhaps most in accord with the real fact as to attempts to •express in words those things as to which it was intended to legislate. If, however, the court is convinced that a general et costera expression is appended to a list of specific designations with the intent to broaden the same, it is, of course, its duty to give such words that effect. “Other property,” literally, is, of course, broad enough to include a promissory note or bill of exchange; hence, unless a court is convinced by the association of such words with others that they are used to •express some more limited conception, there is ample justification for applying them to the full extent of their literal meaning. Doubtless there is cogent argument that such articles of property as those now under consideration are as *656 likely to be' tbe objects of cupidity, are as likely to be obtainable by misrepresentation, as any other forms of personal property, and that the injury to be done the defrauded person, and perhaps others, is, if anything, more imminent than in the case of tangible chattels. From considerations such as these, after giving due weight to the expression hereinbe-fore quoted from State v. Black, 75 Wis. 490 , 44 N. W. 635 , the court has concluded that the true intention of the legislature will be best given effect by holding that a promissory note is within the meaning of the words “or other property” in see. 4423 — a conclusion with which, I may be permitted to say, without a formal dissenting opinion, my personal views do not accord.

2. The trial court correctly instructed the jury that the offense of obtaining property by false pretenses involved at least four essential elements: (1) There must be an-intent to defraud; (2) there must be an actual fraud committed; (3) false pretenses must be used for the purpose of perpetrating the fraud; and (4) the fraud must be accomplished by means of the false pretenses made use of for that purpose. State v. Clark, 46 Kan. 65 , 26 Pac. 481 ; State v. Palmer, 50 Nan. 318, 324, 32 Pac. 29 ; People v. Wakely, 62 Mich. 297 , 28 N. W. 871 ; Owens v. State, 83 Wis. 496 , 53 N. W. 736 . In application of this rule it has been held that the first two of these, elements do not exist where the property sought to be obtained, and in fact obtained, was only such as the accused had a perfect and complete legal right to receive. Rex v. Williams, 7 Car. & P. 354; Comm. v. McDuffy, 126 Mass. 467 ; Comm. v. Harkins, 128 Mass. 79, 82 ; People v. Thomas, 3 Hill, 169 ; State v. Hurst, 11 W. Va. 54 ; Comm: v. Thompson, 2 Clark (Pa. L. J. Rep.) 33 (*250); Comm. v. Henry, 22 Pa. St. 256. The special application in most’ of these has been to the obtaining by means of falsehood' merely the payment of money to which the accused was legally entitled, it being held that thereby no fraud is worked *657 upon the other party, and no intent to defraud can be inferred from such act.

Applying that principle to the present case, we have, without hesitation, reached the conclusion that the proof in the record is conclusive that at the time the defendant obtained the $500 note from Hagerty the latter owed him that amount of money; that, if defendant had sued ITagerty for $500 commissions for making sale of his vessel, any court must, upon the same evidence, have rendered judgment in the former’s favor. There is, of course, no dispute that Hagerty agreed to pay the defendant $500 for making sale. The evidence is overwhelming and undisputed that defendant found a customer ready, able, and willing to take the property at the price fixed by the owner, at $7,500, and that Hagerty accepted such customer and the condition that he was to pay only when clear title was deposited with a specified bank. Thereafter Hagerty failed, for reasons of his own, to make out such title. He has offered some proof that he could have made it out any time had the money first been deposited. But the prior deposit of the money was not in accordance with the terms of the sale, ’and he refrained from perfecting title apparently by reason of his desire to acquire his partner’s half interest at some less rate, either by foreclosure of a mortgage which he held thereon or by purchase. It matters, not, however, what- reasons controlled Hagerty. It suffices that he did, in fact, fail to perform on his part the terms of the sale effected by the defendant, to which Hagerty had agreed. True, some of these facts depend upon the testimony of the defendant, although in many respects he is. confirmed by testimony of others. But there is nothing in the case to throw his testimony either in conflict with other facts or evidence or under suspicion. Evidence was offered by the defendant of his good character, standing in the community, and financial responsibility, whereby the door was opened to the prosecution to attack him in those respects. No evidence *658 was offered that be was other than be described himself. There is a vague suggestion in argument that the nonappearance of the proposed purchaser, Hayward, at the time of trial, and defendant’s inability to produce him, justified a suspicion that he was a myth. But it must be remembered that approximately a year had been allowed to elapse between the obtaining of the note and any complaint by Hag-erty, and that during that time the hotel where Hayward made his headquarters, and where alone defendant had known him, had gone out of existence, and defendant had no starting point from which to search for the man. No xuason is suggested for this delay on Hagerty’s part. The note was protested against him only one month after it was given as being already transferred to a third party. The defendant was at least monthly in Green Bay, where he was well known and easy of access, either for demand of explanation, or for arrest if Hagerty believed him guilty of the crime now charged. Neither was there anything in defendant’s conduct immediately following the transaction to justify suspicion. He remained at Green Bay in contact with Hagerty for nearly a week after he received the note. He at first used it only as collateral security for a small sum of money, so that it was open, in the main, to any defenses that Hagerty might have. With this uncontradicted evidence that defendant obtained nothing from the prosecutor except what he was entitled to and which should have been given him upon demand without the representations charged as false in tbe information, it is clear that the evidence did not establish either that Hagerty was defrauded or that the representations were made with intent to defraud. It was error to refuse defendant’s motion for the direction of verdict in his favor.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.