Cape v. Plymouth Congregational Church

Dodge, J.

Of course the former decision has become the law of this case, and must control any situation not materially variant from that set forth by the complaint and then considered. Euting v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 120 Wis. 651 , 98 N. W. 944 . The variation most strenuously urged is that, instead of secession by certain members from the society, the society itself made whatever change occurred by incorporating, changing its name, withdrawing from affiliation with and subordination to the Western Conference of the Primitive Methodist Church, and allying itself with the Congregational denomination, all by majority vote of its members in meeting duly assembled. Let this fact be conceded for the purposes of the argument, what is the result ? The same authorities cited in the former opinion to deny the right of seceding members, though a majority, to take with them the property of the society also deny the power of the officers, of any majority of a religious corporation, no matter how fully invested with all corporate powers, to divert its property from the uses defined and limited “by the grant of such property to it or the purposes of its organization as regards the particular religious faith it was organized to promote.” Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118, 130 , 81 N. W. 1014, 1018 . A religious corporation holding property charged with a trust for cer-"fcain purposes can no more divert it to other and inconsistent *180 uses, even by due corporate action, tbau can any other trustee. When such use is for the promotion of the doctrines and discipline of some particular denomination, courts will prevent diversion to the support of a different and inconsistent one, if even a single individual legally interested objects. Fadness v. Braunborg, 73 Wis. 257, 293 , 41 N. W. 84 ; Franke v. Mann, supra; Den ex dem. Day v. Bolton, 12 N. J. Law, 206; Watson v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679 ; First C. P. Church v. Congregational Soc. 23 Iowa, 567 . Under the rule above stated, doubtless the property which courts are to protect against diversion must be subject to some limitation upon its use. Whether limitation results from the mere denominational character of the religious corporation or society holding it is perhaps doubtful, but unnecessary of decision here, for other facts conclusively appear. If it be assumed that the Primitive Methodist Society held rights in this real estate as the appointee under the deed from Jabez Wilson, then they held them for denominational purposes,, for the authority given by that deed to the trustees named therein was to appoint, not an individual corporation or society, but some religious denomination, to exercise what may be called the ecclesiastical possession over the premises, namely, the occupation for religious services on Sundays and on Wednesday evenings. Hence any appointment of the Primitive Methodists would necessarily imply a limitation of such use to the doctrines and purposes of that denomination. Further than this, however, the rights of the old Primitive Methodist Society were, up to the time of the incorporation, held by it as a subordinate member of the Western Primitive Methodist Conference, a synodical religious organization, and subject to its discipline and regulations. Among such we find sec. 233, to the effect that all property is held subject to the uses of each society “when not inconsistent with the discipline and usages of the Primitive Methodist Church;” and sec. 271, providing that should any so *181 ciety Raving property cease to exist, or exist contrary to the usages and discipline of the Primitive Methodist Church, then its property should pass to the conference trustees to he held for the benefit of any organized Primitive Methodist society in the place where the real estate is situated; or, if this he impracticable, then to he held for the general purposes of the church and under the direction of the annual conference. These clearly restrict the úse of the property in question to a society subject to the discipline and supporting the doctrine of the Primitive Methodist denomination.

The next question seriously controverted is whether any diversion from such restricted use has occurred. This is answered in the negative by respondents and, apparently, by the trial court, on the strength of the finding that no change in doctrine or forms of worship has been had. This, however, does not cover the whole question. To constitute one a member of a church, or an individual society a member- of a general synodical organization, at least two things are essential: a profession of the accepted faith and a submission to its government. De n ex dem. Day v. Bolton, 12 N. J. Law, 206. The Primitive Methodist Church clearly belonged in the third classification of ecclesiastical bodies promulgated by Miller, J., in Watson v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679 , and adopted in Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118 , at page 133 ( 81 N. W. 1019 ), namely:

“Where the religious corporation or ecclesiastical body holding the property is but a subordinate member of -some general church organization in which there are superior ecclesiastical tribunals with a general and ultimate power of control, more or less complete, in some supreme judicatory, over the whole membership of that general organization.”

The Primitive Methodist churches, in several of the Western states, were consolidated into what was called a general conference, known as the Western Conference, under the discipline of which there was primarily the society or congrega *182 tion as a unit, baying power to own property, and, by certain prescribed officers, to manage tbe ordinary daily affairs. Next in ascendency a few neighboring societies were organized into a circuit or charge, often, though perhaps not always, served by a single pastor or minister. The Dodgefille society, with three others, constituted a circuit. The discipline prescribed what was called the Quarterly Conference, which was made up of certain designated representatives from the several societies in the circuit, to wit, all the preachers, exporters, class leaders, assistant leaders, stewards, Sabbath school superintendents, assistants and secretaries, Sabbath school treasurer, president of trustee board, and the presidents of all organizations connected with and under the control of the church. This conference had certain designated powers and authority over the various societies comprising its circuit. Then there was the supreme body known as the. Annual Conference, composed of certain general officers, all ministers in full connection, and one lay delegate, for each 100 members from each circuit or station within its limits. This conference was given the broadest powers of supervision, control, and judicatory in the government of all the societies and circuits composing it. The distinguishing feature of the churches of the Congregational denomination, on the other hand, is that each is a complete and independent republic and adopts its own laws, its own construction of the scriptural doctrine, its own church polity; and in none of these respects is it subject to any control by any other or'more comprehensive organization. As is at once apparent, it might be a question of much nicety for a court to decide whether a Congregational society had so departed from the purposes of its organization as to constitute a breach of a trust to use its property for the purposes of Congregationalism, although cases are not lacking where courts have done so. Mt. Zion B. Church v. Whitmore, 83 Iowa, 138 , 39 N. W. 81 . But in the case of a society which is a member of a larger synodical *183 body the question is much, easier of solution. It is beyond dispute that when the corporation known as the Dodgeville Primitive Methodist Church severed its membership in the Western Primitive Methodist Conference, declared itself a Congregational church, and made formal application for association with and recognition by other Congregational churches, it terminated its submission to the government of that general body known as the Primitive Methodist Church. It was no longer bound by or subject to the doctrines which should be promulgated, or the rules for protecting individual rights either of belief or against perversion of church property from uses which the conference might demand. A mere vote of the congregation might carry it far afield from the creed to which Primitive Methodists must subscribe and which it must promulgate if a member of the conference. Its members had no longer the assurance that the faith taught should have the sanction of the general body of Primitive Methodists in the West. Although it be true, as found by the court, that the corporation did persist in the doctrines which in 1891 received general approval by the conference, that fact of itself may mark a doctrinal severance from the Primitive Methodist Church, for the Annual Conference may have become convinced of some error in formerly entertained views, or may have had new occasion for construction and interpretation of the scriptural utterances upon which the faith of Christian churches generally is founded. But, as already suggested, whatever may be true of doctrine, the church polity and government was radically changed. No longer were the rights of the members guarded by the wisdom of the Annual Conference in the selection of their pastor, in the management of the property of the church, or in the multitudinous other respects in which the individual member may suffer at the hands of the majority. We cannot avoid the conclusion that the repudiation, even by the society or corporation, of submission to the Annual Conference and setting itself up *184 as tbe supreme authority over its own affairs and over its members in matters religious and secular, was a departure from tbe use and purpose for wbieb tbe partial possession in this property was originally conferred on tbe society and to wbieb use sucb property was limited, and, therefore, that it exceeded .the right or power over that property bad by either tbe corporation or its governing officers.

In tbe view adopted by tbe trial court that tbe defendant corporation is tbe same society existing prior to 1891 under tbe name of tbe Dodgeville Primitive Methodist Church, and which,.for some fifty years, bad been in possession of these premises, of course tbe defendants could have no greater right than bad tbe former society, and tbe sole question for decision is whether their procedure was sucb as to continue those rights of possession or partial possession. This renders it rather unimportant whether there ever was complete nomination and appointment of the Primitive Methodist denomination in lieu of the Wesleyan Methodists in compliance with the trust deed from Wilson, for the old society at least had and exercised possession, and defendants were as much restrained and limited in an attempt to pervert that possession as if the title were absolute. We have, however, examined the evidence upon the question of appointment, and are persuaded that it suffices to establish the fact of actual appointment by the original trustees. It is proved that about 1849 or 1850 the Wesleyan Methodists did withdraw from the occupation of and holding religious services upon these premises, and that some arrangement was made between them and the Primitive Methodist Society to occupy it, whereby the latter refunded some money which the Wesleyans had paid toward the cost of the original church edifice; also that most, if not all, of the trustees under the Wilson deed were participant in such negotiations; that immediately the Primitive Methodists entered into possession with the apparent assent and approval of such trustees, and from 1850 onward held *185 tbeir religious services on. Sundays and Wednesday evenings there, with the knowledge and active co-operation of several of such trustees. In view of tbe remoteness of these transactions and of the absence of any prescribed form by which the trustees under the deed were to make appointment of the denomination to supply such religious services, we are persuaded that this showing of long occupation, reputation, and apparent approval are sufficient, in the absence of anything in conflict, to establish a legal and proper appointment. 1 Jones, Ev. § 72 et seq.; 22 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 1289; 2 Wigmore, Ev. § 1583; Rooker v. Perkins, 14 Wis. 79 ; Nelson v. Jacobs, 99 Wis. 547, 559 , 75 N. W. 406 .

Much stress was laid in argument upon a resolution adopted by the general conference of the Primitive Methodist Church in May, 1896, to the effect that “if any church or circuit shall have decided to withdraw from the connection, we bid them God speed, and pray that their newer association may bring to them grander opportunities for the advancement of His Kingdom.” This was contended by the respondents to become, so to say, a part of the discipline, and to make it the right of any congregation to withdraw. We deem this resolution immaterial to the present controversy. In the first place, if an authorization, as claimed, it was addressed only to the circuit or charge, which could act only in quarterly conference, as hereinbefore described, and had no application to secession by an individual society without action of the conference. Apart from this, however, we can find nothing in the resolution significant of an intent to waive the provisions in the discipline above referred to, providing for the retention of the property of any society which should secede, for the benefit of any Primitive Methodist Society at that place. u But we do not think that the resolution is open to construction as a consent, approval, or authorization of any withdrawal whatever. It bears upon its face, especially in the light of the surrounding facts, merely the significance of *186 an expression of resignation to a situation of inability to prevent sucb withdrawals and lack of animosity toward those who should exercise such right. There is a claim, not, however, strongly urged On the part of the defendants, to the effect that, having obtained in March, 1897, from the survivors of the original trustees named in the Wilson deed a quitclaim deed of the premises in question, they have the rights of an appointee under that trust. The deed itself is in the simplest form of a quitclaim deed, and contains no intimation of any purpose to exercise the power of appointment vested in the trustees. Rut whether, under any circumstances, it may be so construed, we find it unnecessary to decide, for we deem it plain that, under the terms of the trust, there was-no power vested in the trustees to revoke an appointment once made. The original dominant occupant was to be the Wesleyan Methodists denomination, and the power of appointment did not arise until that denomination “shall withdraw its services.” The authority then was to appoint another denomination to enjoy and serve the same purposes. We think it plain that, such an appointment- being made, such denomination became vested with the right until it in turn should withdraw its services. We cannot at all agree with the suggestion of respondents’ counsel that the failure of the Primitive Methodist Society existing at Dodgeville since-1897 to maintain religious services in this church since that time is at all tantamount to a withdrawal. They have been most strenuous, energetic, and persistent at all times in demanding an opportunity so to do, and, while the society may have been small and struggling during that period, it requires but common knowledge to understand that its very inability to gain possession of this place of worship has been a cogent influence toward that situation. We cannot find evidence to-support the somewhat prophetic finding that plaintiffs and their associates are unable to furnish public religious services if they were given possession of the church premises. They *187 are recognized by the Annual Conference as an established society; they do maintain regular services, even deprived of a desirable meeting place; their number now is somewhere from fourteen to fifty, with no suggestion of inability to supply pecuniary needs. Besides, were they in occupation of these premises, their number would, beyond doubt, be augmented by many of the defendants’ present congregation, who, not ardent in support of either faction, follow the de facto authorities.

It is urged that we cannot review the findings for the reason that it is not sufficiently certified that the bill of exceptions contains all the evidence. That document contains a recitation to the effect that therein is “all the evidence material to the questions raised on the appeal,” and in the certificate it is declared to contain “all the testimony given on both sides necessary to present the questions raised upon the' appeal.” Doubtless there are many expressions in our decisions declaring the necessity generally that there shall be a certificate by the trial judge that the bill of exceptions contains all the evidence, to enable this court on appeal to go behind either findings or verdict. The expression “all the evidence” is, however, used in those cases in the sense of all necessary evidence. It would, of course, be absurd to require that all the evidence received upon a protracted trial with many issues must be before this court to enable it to examine the correctness of a finding by a court or jury upon a single one of those issues. In this view the rule of court on the subject (Circuit Court Rule XXII, sec. 3) provides that the bill of exceptions shall contain only so much of the evidence as may be necessary to present the questions of law raised on the trial, and requires of the trial judge that he strike out redundancy. Further than this, it has been declared by this court sufficient that the bill contain all the evidence material to the questions raised upon the appeal. Reinke v. Wright, 93 Wis. 368, 370 , 67 N. W. 737 . In the *188 light of such reason, and decision we cannot doubt that the' recitation inserted at the close of the evidence, and necessarily certified to be true by the judge’s signature, satisfies .all requirements, although the certificate itself, merely to the effect that all the testimony is contained therein, might not suffice. Goodhue v. Bohen, 122 Wis. 241, 245 , 99 N. W. 216 .

Perhaps a precautionary word is necessary to emphasize the fact that the rights here considered, whether they belong to plaintiffs or defendants, are very limited in their character, and are only those prescribed by the Wilson deed for what we may term'a dominant religious sect, namely, to use the church only at specified times, subject to the command that otherwise it shall be open to ministers of other denominations and for other purposes of moral tendency. In this view the plaintiffs, though entitled to judgment against the defendants, are entitled to be protected in only such rights as the trustees in the Wilson deed could confer. They should have judgment establishing the right of the plaintiff society to have the use of the church edifice from 10:30 to 12:30 o’clock Sunday mornings and at 6 o’clock Sunday evenings and on every Wednesday evening, and that defendants be enjoined from in any wise interfering with such use.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to enter judgment in accordance with the prayer of the complaint, except as qualified in the foregoing opinion.