Leora v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway Co.

WiNsnow, C. J.

At the threshold of this case we are met with the objection that the plaintiff was employed in inter *390 state commerce when injured, and hence that the case is governed by the federal statute regulating actions for injuries suffered by employees of interstate carriers.

This objection was not made in the trial court, nor was it made in the briefs filed in this court -upon the appeal, but was first raised upon the oral argument. The question is important and far reaching. It is not in the strict sense a jurisdictional question, because the court has power to try the case whichever law be applicable. If a defendant can carry its case through the trial court without raising the question of the application of the federal law, and, when defeated, come' to this court and for the first time raise the question successfully, it possesses a very valuable advantage. It can experiment through both courts with one law, and, if defeated, commence over again under the other law, thus securing two trials, even though the first trial be without objection or exception. Such a conclusion should not be reached unless it is inevitable. Every instinct of fairness and justice cries out against it. It is a question also which seems likely to occur with more or less frequency so long as the two laws exist side by side with varying and contradictory provisions on essential matters. The line which divides employment in interstate commerce from employment in intrastate commerce is at times very shadowy and difficult to draw. If the question may lie dormant in the trial court and be raised for the first time in the court of last resort, it is very certain that many a case fairly tried under the terms of one law, and in which every right secured to the parties by that law has been' carefully safeguarded, will have to be reversed and a new trial awarded because of an objection never brought to the attention of the trial court.

There is a well established legal principle which forbids this result, and that is the principle of consent or waiver. This principle has been frequently ajDplied in cases where it is claimed in the appellate court for the first time that a law, *391 under wbicb a recovery bas been bad in tbe trial court, is unconstitutional.

It is correctly said by Mr. Cooley in bis work on Constitutional Limitations (7th ed.) at page 250, “where a constitutional provision is designed for tbe protection solely of tbe property rights of tbe citizen, it is competent for him to waive tbe protection and to consent to such action as would be invalid if taken against bis will.” There is really no room for debate as to tbe correctness of this principle; it is held by all courts so far as civil proceedings are concerned. See 8 Cyc. 791-195, and tbe authorities there collected in tbe notes.

This court bas recognized and applied it in Lewis v. American S. & L. Asso. 98 Wis. 203 ( 73 N. W. 793 ), at page 227, where it is said that “a party may by bis own act or conduct preclude himself from insisting upon constitutional objections to a statute affecting bis rights.”

It seems very clear that if a person may by conduct waive tbe objection that a statute is void for unconstitutionality, be may, a fortiori, waive tbe objection that tbe operation of a state statute bas been suspended as to certain classes of cases by tbe enactment of a federal statute covering tbe same field. Consent or waiver may be evidenced in many ways, as reference to tbe cases will show, but one very effective way is by taking part without objection in judicial proceedings when good faith demands that tbe objection be made if it is to be made at all.

Tbe principle is very well expressed in Vose v. Cockcroft, 44 N. Y. 415 , at page 424, where it is said: “By failing to raise it [tbe question of tbe constitutionality of tbe act] or to present it in any form for tbe consideration of tbe court below, be waived it as effectually as be could have done by express stipulation.” See, also, Cowenhoven v. Ball, 118 N. Y. 231 , 23 N. E. 470 , and Dubuc v. Lazell, D. & Co. 182 N. Y. 482 , 75 N. E. 401 .

*392 Tbe trial in the present case proceeded from start to finish on the basis that it was a case brought under and governed by the state law. It is true that the complaint alleges and the answer admits that the defendant’s railway system extends into and through the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and that this fact is admitted in the answer, but this is a fact which is doubtless a matter of common knowledge and of which the court would probably take judicial notice. No suggestion was made during the trial, however, either that the road was an interstate road or that the plaintiff was engaged in interstate commerce when injured, nor was any claim made in any way that the federal law could have any application. In fact, the defendant at the close of the trial submitted several questions for the special verdict, one of which was almost in the exact terms of the third question prescribed by sec. 1816, Stats. 1911, which is the state law applicable to actions for injuries received by railway employees in the course of their duty.

We shall not attempt to lay down here any hard-and-fast rule as to the manner in which the question should be brought to the attention of the trial court. We should not deem any formal pleading necessary, but we should deem it essential that at some time before or during the trial, and at a time when the opposing party has proper opportunity to meet the question by evidence, the objection that the case falls under the federal liability act should be distinctly made, and thereafter insisted on. Otherwise we should consider the objection as waived.

In the present case nothing of this kind was done, and we regard the defendant as having consented to try the case under the terms of the state law. It becomes unnecessary, therefore, to consider whether the evidence showed a case to which the federal law was applicable, and we express no opinion on that question.

*393 Turning to the consideration of the errors claimed by the appellant, we find none that call for reversal of the judgment.

Our statute provides (secs. 1728f and 1728h, Stats. 1911) that “No child under the age of eighteen years shall be employed ... in switch tending, gate tending or track repairing,” and that any corporation or firm violating the act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction be punished by fine or imprisonment in the county jail. The plaintiff was less than eighteen years of age at the time of the accident. He was employed in a section crew whose duties were to maintain and keep in repair the section of track assigned to them. At the time of the accident this crew were proceeding in the usual way on the conveyance furnished them to a point where they were to move or “throw” the ore-loading track several feet over nearer the pile of ore, so as to facilitate the operation of loading cars. In every substantial sense this was repair of the track. It would be a very narrow construction of the statute to hold that, in order to secure its protection, an infant must at the time of his injury be actually engaged in driving a spike or lifting a rail. The purpose of the statute was to efficiently protect children from the dangers attendant upon certain extremely hazardous occupations, dangers which children do not usually appreciate. To accomplish this end it has been thought wise to make it a criminal offense for any person to employ a youth under eighteen years of age about such work. This court’s duty is to give the statute full efficiency rather than to rob it of effect by narrowing its construction. The crew enters upon its work when it embarks on the handcar for the scene of repair'. In every true sense it is then engaged in track repairing, and it results from this conclusion that in the present case the statute was being violated at the time of the accident.

The violation of this statute results in liability for injuries to the infant resulting therefrom regardless of the ques *394 tion of contributory negligence. Pinoza v. Northern C. Co. 152 Wis. 473 , 140 N. W. 84 .

It follows from what has been said that- there was really no question to go to the jury in the present case except the question of damages, and this depended, of course, upon the question of the severity and permanency of the injuries received by the plaintiff. The plaintiff fell from the handcar face downward between the rails, and his visible injuries consisted almost entirely of contusions and lacerations about the face and head. When he was picked up he was unconscious and bleeding from the mouth and nose, his wounds were dressed by a physician at the mine (who was not called as a witness), and he was then taken home and Dr. Urquhart was called and made an examination of his condition. The plaintiff was then unconscious and delirious. On the afternoon of the same day he was taken to the Twin City hospital at Ironwood, where he remained seventeen days and then returned home. He was not examined as a witness on the trial. The claim is, on the part of the plaintiff, that he has been and is an imbecile and that his imbecility is the.result of the accident. On the other side the claim is that the plaintiff was simply suffering from hysteria and would probably fully recover under different surroundings. Eour physicians who testified for the plaintiff and who examined the plaintiff shortly before the trial testified that in their opinion he was an imbecile, while five physicians, who also examined the plaintiff and who testified for the defendant were of opinion that it was simply a bad case of hysteria.

If there was no substantial error committed in the reception of testimony upon this question, the verdict of the jury cannot be disturbed. It is vigorously claimed that there was such error. Dr. Urquhart, after testifying that he made a fairly close examination of the plaintiff when called to treat him on the day of the injury, was asked, “What did you find as to the injuries he had received?” and replied, “He had a *395 laceration of bis upper lip, a contusion of his nose and a few small superficial contusions of the skin of his face, and according to my diagnosis a fracture at the base of the brain.” The latter part of this answer, concerning the supposed fracture at the base of the brain, was duly objected to, but the objection was overruled, and this ruling is assigned as' error. On cross-examination he stated that plaintiff was unconscious at the time, that his diagnosis was formed upon what he saw of the injury, the history of the accident, and the symptoms which he had, and that he got the history of the accident from some one else. The objection is made that Dr. Urquhart should not have been allowed to state that in his opinion there was a fracture at the base of the brain because that diagnosis was based in part upon a history of the accident told him by some person, and that there is no proof that such history was truthful.

The objection seems to us unsubstantial. Here was a youth unconscious, delirious, suffering from severe injuries, lacerations and contusions of the face, showing beyond question that he had fallen or been thrown on his face with violence. No credible history of the accident could have been much more or much less than this. It is not claimed or suggested that the history given to the doctor was in any respect erroneous, and it would have been very easy to find out by a single question what the history was. Were it a case where the diagnosis must necessarily be founded on symptoms extending over a series of years or even months the objection would be more substantial. It would have been better (if appellant objected to the diagnosis because the doctor had not stated the history of the accident which was furnished to him) to have required the doctor to state the history, but in a simple case of traumatic injury of this nature which must have told its own story so clearly we cannot consider the omission as substantial error.

Objection is also made that in framing a hypothetical ques *396 tion addressed to tbe plaintiff’s medical experts, as to the cause of tbe plaintiff’s present condition, the fact that in falling from tbe bandear tbe plaintiff sustained a fracture at tbe base of tbe brain was stated as one of tbe facts in tbe case upon which tbe opinions of tbe experts were to be in part founded. If, as we have held, it was competent for Dr. Urquhart to testify that in bis judgment there was such a fracture, it was competent to insert tbe fact in tbe question addressed to tbe experts.

We find no further claims of error which require discussion.

By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.