Read v. Patterson

The opinion of the court was delivered by Depue, J.

From the order dismissing the petition and denying the application to open the proceedings, and permit the defendant to make defence, aud the order overruling the exceptions to the master’s report and the final decree, the defendant has appealed. The appeal also brings up the interlocutory decree — the final decree involving the merits of the case as settled by the inter *217 locutory decree. Terhune v. Colton, 1 Beas. 312; Crane v. DeCamp, 7 C. E. Gr. 614.

The reasons assigned for reversal are— First. That the other grandchildren are necessary parties. The account of the executor on file is a final settlement of the estate. The balance reported in hand is the residue, after payment of debts and expenses, to be distributed or applied according to the directions in the testator’s will. In suits by creditors or specific legatees for satisfaction of their demands the residuary legatees need not be made parties. In such a suit residuary legatees are interested consequentially only from the circumstance that the recovery of the debt or legacy will reduce the residue, and under such circumstances the executor is regarded as the representative of all persons interested. Story’s Eq. Pl. §§ 140, 141. But that rule does not apply to this case. The testator directed the division of his estate, after the death of his wife, among his grandchildren. The event on which the distribution was to be made has occurred, and primarily the period for distribution has arrived. The testator made provision for the support and maintenance of those of his grandchildren who were children of his daughter Sarah, and conferred upon his executor power to pay to'any of his grandchildren, on attaining majority, a fair and just proportion or share of the residuary estate. How far these clauses in the will control or affect the residuary disposition is one of the controversies in this case. In that controversy the persons entitled under the residuary disposition have a direct interest. One of the questions in dispute is, whether the complainants are entitled to have support and maintenance, having regard to the entire residuary estate. On this question the beneficiaries under the residuary clause are entitled to be heard. A decree against the executor in this suit would be no answer to a suit by the persons entitled under the residuary clause for immediate distribution. The case is therefore subject to the rule that in a suit which relates to the residuary estate all persons interested in the residue must be made parties. Sherrit v. Birch, 3 Bro. C. C. 229; Parsons v. Neville, Id. 365; Brown v. Ricketts, 3 Johns. Ch. 553 ; Devoue v. Fanning, 4 Id. 199; DeHart *218 v. DeHart, 2 Gr. Ch. 471; Keeler v. Keeler, 3 Stock. 458 . In Dandridge v. Washington, 2 Pet. 370 , the testator, after several devises and bequests, directed that the rest and residue of his estate should be sold by his executors and invested, and the interest thereof applied to the education of his three nephews, Bartholomew Henly, Samuel Henly and John Dandridge. He then provided that, debts and legacies being paid and the education of his . nephews being completed, the residuary estate should be divided among certain persons. On a bill filed by Dandridge for support against the executors, it was held that the residuary legatees were not necessary parties. In that case there was no dispute involving the construction of the will or the fund out of which support was to be furnished. The only controversy was with respect to the amount which should be applied to that purpose. In that controversy the residuary legatees were interested only consequentially, and it was properly held that, in such a controversy, the executors were their representatives, and that the residuary legatees were not necessary parties. In its circumstances that case differs radically from the present case. But the court also held that the complainant’s suit was imperfect in the fact that the other two nephews, who were entitled to participate with the complainant in the fund applicable to their education, were not made parties to the suit. The same imperfection exists in the present suit. James Patterson, a son of Sarah, who is equally entitled with the complainants to participate in the fund set apart for the support and maintenance of her children, is not made a party, nor is there any averment of a reason which would exclude him from consideration in the disposition of the fund set apart for the common benefit of the children of Sarah. The nature of this suit requires that all who are interested in the residue should be made parties.

Second. That the interlocutory decree, which settled the merits of the case, was made without the appellant being properly brought into court, and without opportunity being allowed him to present the merits of his defence. The petition presented to the Chancellor was not an application for a rehearing. A re *219 hearing, strictly speaking, is simply a new hearing, and a new consideration of the case by the court in which the suit was originally heard, and upon the pleadings and depositions already in the case. An order denying a rehearing, in this sense, would not be an appealable order. The case could be reheard upon the merits on an appeal from the original decree, and the party would not be injured or aggrieved within the meaning of the statute by the Chancellor’s refusal to rehear and reconsider it. The defendant’s application was of a totally different character. He complained that the solicitor who appeared for him appeared without authority ; that the stipulation filed did not present the merits of. the case, and that he had not any opportunity to present his evidence. These facts are set out in the defendant’s petition, which is verified by affidavits and uncontradicted.

On the facts presented by this petition the decree was not only made in a suit in which the defendant was not summoned and to which he never appeared, but also upon a record which did not present the merits of the case.

The testator designated the fund from the produce of which the support and maintenance of the children of his daughter Sarah, during minority, should be made. But he vested in his executor the exercise of judgment with respect to the amount which should be necessary therefor. He also delegated to his executor the power to pay to any grandchild, on attaining majority, a fair and just proportion or share of the residuary estate, if in the judgment of the executor it would be for the advantage of such grandchild. The powers granted are in the nature of trusts, but nevertheless they are discretionary in the sense that they are to be executed by the executor in the exercise of his judgment. Where the power given to trustees is wholly discretionary to do or not. to do a particular thing, in their discretion, the court has no jurisdiction to lay a command or prohibition upon the trustees as to the exercise of that power, provided their conduct be bona fide, and their determination is not influenced by improper motives. 2 Lewin on Trusts (8th ed.) 612. Where the power is coupled with a trust or duty, the court will enforce a proper and timely exercise of the power; but if it be given upon a trust to be exercised *220 in the discretion or upon the judgment of the trustee, the court will not interfere with the trustee's discretion in executing the trust, unless he has exercised his discretion mala fide. French v. Davidson, 4 Madd. 396, 402; Pink v. DeThuisey, 2 Id. 157, 163; Walker v. Walker, 5 Id. 424, 426; Livesey v. Harding, Tamlyn 460; Douglas v. Andrews, 3 Jurist 949; Wain v. Earl of Egmont, 3 Myl. & K. 445; Costabadie v. Costabadie, 6 Hare 410; Potter v. Chapman, Ambler 98, 99; Kekewich v. Marker, 3 MaeN. and Gord. 311; 2 Perry on Trusts § 511.

A court of equity may make an allowance for maintenance out of the income of an estate given to a trustee for an infant, although the instrument creating the trust contains no provision for maintenance, and there is a direction that the interest shall accumulate; and, in making such allowance, the court will be governed entirely by a consideration of the amount of the infant's estate and the expenditure required for the maintenance of the infant in his station and condition in life. 2 Perry on Trusts § 615; 2 Lead. Cas. in Eq. 711, 714, 716, notes to Eyre v. Countess of Shrewsbury. But another principle applies where the testator has himself provided for the support and maintenance, and has directed that so much of the income of a fund in the trustee's hands should be applied therefor as, in the judgment of the trustee, might be necessary for that purpose, especially where the fund itself ultimately goes to other beneficiaries and is subject to a power in the trustee, in his discretion, to anticipate the distribution of the fund. In such cases the court will not take upon itself to regulate the maintenance, but will leave it to the judgment of the trustee, and will not interpose if the trustee has exercised a discretion within the limit of a sound and honest execution of the trust. 2 Lewin 614; Livesey v. Harding, Tamlyn, 460; Douglas v. Andrews, 3 Jurist 949; Costabadie v. Costabadie, 6 Hare 410; Brophy v. Bellamy, L. R. (8 Ch. App.) 798; Tempest v. Lord Camoys, L. R. (21 Ch. Div.) 571.

In Costabadie v. Costabadie the testator gave all his real and personal estate to his wife, upon trust, that she should receive the rents and profits, and pay and apply the same to her own use and to the use of the children of their marriage, agreeably and ac *221 cording to her own discretion, during her life. A bill was filed by an unmarried daughter complaining that the widow, in order to save money out of the estate, had treated her children harshly, and that the complainant, for that reason, had been compelled to live with other members of her family and partly to depend upon their bounty, and alleging that the sums allowed to her by her mother were not sufficient to procure for her those comforts and enjoyments to which she was accustomed during the life of the testator, and which the estate left by the testator was large enough to afford. The bill prayed an account, and that the defendant might be decreed to pay to the complainant, out of the rents, issues and profits, such a sum as should appear to be proper in the circumstances of the case. The defendant answered, denying the harsh treatment complained of, and insisting as well on the discretion which the testator had given her as on the propriety with which it had been exercised. Sir James Wigram, ~V. C., commenting on the discretionary power given, said : “ The testator may limit and circumscribe the interests which he bequeaths to his children as he may think proper, and the court cannot enlarge-the interest which he has given. If the gift be subject to the discretion of another person, so long as that person exercises a sound and honest discretion I am not aware of any principle or any authority upon which the court should deprive the party of that discretionary power. Where a proper and honest discretion is exercised the legatee takes all that the testator gave or intended that he should have — that is, so much as, in the honest and reasonable exercise of that discretion, he is entitled to. But, consistently with the plaintiff having an interest subject to the mother’s discretion, she has a right * *' * to a discovery of all the acts which have been done and the reasons for doing them, which the defendant may be able to give. She has that right in order that the court may be able to see whether the discretion which has been exercised by the party intrusted with it is within the limits of a sound and honest execution of the trust. Beyond that I am not aware that, because a person who takes an .interest in property, subject to the discretion of another, is dissatisfied with the exercise of that discretion, therefore the court *222 will take it away from that party and assume itself to exercise it. If a bill be filed the court will, of course, inquire into the acts which have been done in the administration of the trust, and may possibly (as has been done in many cases) require the trustee to exercise the discretion under the view of the court.”

A court of equity will examine into the conduct of a trustee in the execution of his discretionary powers, and will assume control over the trustee’s conduct, and if need be will take upon itself the execution of the trust. But the court will exercise this prerogative with great caution, and will not displace the trustee from exercising his functions, unless, upon a consideration of the reasons and grounds upon which he has acted, it appears that he has abused his trust, and that his acts in the premises have not been within the limits of a sound and honest execution of the trust. In this case, the execution of the trust has been taken from the trustee and delegated to a master in-a^ a suit of which the trustee had no knowledge, and by a decree made ex parte and without an answer, which would have enabled the trustee to submit the grounds and reasons upon which he acted. In In re Lofthouse, L. R. (29 Ch. Div.) 921, the court, having disapproved of the amount allowed by the trustees for the maintenance of an infant, under a power of this character, suspended judgment, to allow the trustees to make a new offer, which the court approved in the place of the sum ordered by the Vice-Chancellor. In re Gadd, L. R. (23 Ch. Div.) 134, and Tempest v. Lord Camoys, 21 Id. 571, are illustrations of the reluctance of the court to interfere with the discretionary powers of a trustee, although it may disapprove of the trustee’s acts. From the bill in this case it appears that there was a dispute with respect to the fund from the income of which the complainants were entitled to support. That controversy being decided, the judgment of the executor with respect to the amount necessary for the complainants’ support and maintenance remained as a substantial discretionary power to be exercised by the executor. Every allegation of fact in the bill may be true, and yet there may be no substantial grounds on which to take *223 from the defendant the discretionary powers conferred on him by the testator.

The order denying the defendant’s application for' leave to appear and answer is an appealable order within principles heretofore adjudged. Camden and Amboy R. R. Co. v. Stewart, 6 C. E. Gr. 484; Woodward v. Bullock, 12 Id. 507; Day v. Allaire, 4 Stew. Eq. 303, 315; Beach v. Fulton Bank, 2 Wend. 225 .

Hor did the defendant lose his right to a hearing upon the merits by laches or waiver. The merits of the case were substantially disposed of by the interlocutory decree, and the defendant had no knowledge of the pendency of the suit until after that decree was made. He appeared before the master upon advice that he could then present his case, and had no knowledge that he was foreclosed until about the time of the hearing on exceptions to the master’s report, and he then first learned how he had been brought before the court, and the nature, particulars and character of the admissions that had been made in his behalf, and he thereupon promptly made this application. 7

There should be a reversal, and the record be remitted, to the end that the bill may be amended in the matter of parties, and that the defendant be allowed to plead, answer or demur thereto.

Decree unanimously reversed.