Thomas v. Gabrielle Brockenbrough, John Harvie, Edwin Harvie, Jacqueline Harvie, Julia Ann Harvie, Heirs at Law, and Devisees of John Harvie

Mr. Justice Washington delivered the opinion of the Court, and after stating the case, proceeded as follows:.

The first error assigned in the bill of review,, involves the merits of. the original cause, and was intended to induce, a re-examination of the title of the plaintiffs in that cause, the validity of which had been established by the decree. But, previous to an investigation of that subject, a preliminary question has been suggested by the counsel for the appellee, which the Court is called upon to consider. The record shows, that the order of the Court, permitting the bill to be filed, was granted eight years subsequent to the final decree in the original cause; and the question to be decided is, whether this remedy was not barred by length Of time ?

It must be admitted, that bills of .review are not strictly within any act of limitations prescribed by Congress; but it is unquestionable, that *150 Courts of equity, acting upon the principle, that laches and neglect ought to be discountenanced, and that in cases of stale demands its aid ought not to be afforded, have always interposed some limitation to suits brought in those Courts. It is stated by Lord Camden, in the case of Smith v. Clay, (Ambl.

645. 3 Bro. Ch. Cas.

639. note,) “ that as the Court of equity has no legislative authority, it could not properly define the time of bar by a positive rule but. that, as often as parliament had limited the time of actions and remedies to a certain period in legal proceedings, the Court of Chancery adopted that rule, and applied it to similar cases in equity,” Upon this principle it is, that, an account for rents and profits, in a common case, is not carried beyond six years, or a redemption of mortgaged premises allowed after twenty years possession by the mortgagee, or a bill of review entertained after twenty years, by analogy to the statute which limits writs of error to that period.

These principles seem to apply, with peculiar strength, to bills of review, in the Courts of the United States, from the circumstance, that Congress has thought proper to limit the time within which appeals may be taken in equity causes, thus creating an analogy between the two remedies, by appeal, and a bill of review, so apparen that the Court is constrained to consider the later as necessarily comprehended within the equity of the provision respecting the former. For, it is obvious, that if a bill of review to reverse a decree, on the ground of error apparent *151 on its face, may be filed at any period of time beyond the five years limited for an appeal, it will follow, that an original, decree may, in effect, be brought before the Supreme Court for re-exanimation, after the period prescribed by law for an immediate appeal from such decree, by appealing from the decree of the Circuit Court, upon the bill of review. In short, the party complaining of the original decree would, in this way, be permitted to do indirectly, what the act of Congress has prohibited him from doing directly.

Whether a bill of review, founded upon matter discovered since the decree, is in like manner barred by the lapse of five years after such decree, is a question which need not be decided in the present casé, since we are all of opinion, that it is in the discretion of the Court to grant leave to file a bill of review for that cause, and that such leave ought not to be granted in a case where it appears that the plaintiff , is not aggrieved by the decree, on account of the error so assigned ; or, that being gránted, the Court ought to dismiss the bill, where no other error is assigned.

In this case, the Court below. decided, in the original cause, that the title to the land in controversy was vested in the heirs of John Harvie, and decreed the appellant to convey the same to them.

If Thomas, then, had no title to the land, of what consequence was it to him, that the conveyance was decreed to be made to all the< complain *152 ants in that cause,, as being the. heirs of Harvie, rather than to two of them, who, he alleged, were entitled to the land as devisees ?

If they did not complain of the decree, (and that they did not, is proved by their-plea and demurrer to the bill of review,) and if the plaintiff in this bill was not injured by it, the Court is at & loss to conceive, upon what legal or equitable ground, that decree could have been reversed for the errors growing out of the after discovered evidence. . These observations apply equally to the second and third errors assigned Decree affirmed, with costs.