Reynolds v. General Electric Co.

SANBORN, Circuit Judge,

after stating the case as above, delivered! the opinion of the court.

If the plaintiff below was entitled to a directed verdict because it-was guilty of no breach of any warranty, as its counsel assert, the alleged errors in the refusals of the court to receive evidence, and to-submit instructions relative to the amount of damages of which the defendant's'complain, were not prejudicial, and will require no consid *553 eration. The contention of the plaintiff will therefore first be considered. The only express warranty, which was in reality a condition and not a warranty, because the contract was executory, was that the pump should be a Worthington pump, and should have “a capacity of 300 gallons per minute against a head of 350 feet.” The pump was a Worthington pump. It was made from Worthington patterns by the owner of the Worthington plant at the Deane works, where all Worthington pumps were then manufactured. It was of sufficient size, and it included ample space for 300 gallons per minute against a head of 350 feet, and that quantity was actually thrown through it for two or three days at a time before it was finally repaired. But either on account of latent defects in materials, in construction or in installation, parts of it gave way from time to time, so that it could not be used continuously until it was finally repaired by the use of steel cylinders. These facts did not constitute the breach of the express warranty alleged in the answer. That breach was that the pump never at any time had a capacity to exceed 120 gallons per minute against a head of 350 feet, and that after an attempt to increase its capacity above that amount some of the parts broke and disabled it until they were replaced.

It is now contended, however, that the warranty was that the pump “could be operated for the usual lifetime of such machinery, and that it would last whatever the usual lifetime of such machinery would be,” and that, as it did not do so, the contract was broken. In other words, the claim is that the description of capacity was a warranty of performance, efficiency, and endurance. Counsel declare that they rely upon McGowan v. American Pressed Tan Bark Co., 121 U. S. 575, 602, 604 , 7 Sup. Ct. 1315, 30 L. Ed. 1027 , to support this position. In that case the defendants, who were manufacturers, made a written agreement to construct for the plaintiff a machine for the purpose of pressing bark. They described the various parts of the machine in the contract and expressly agreed' (1) that the entire machine should be constructed “in a workmanlike manner and of first-class material”; (2) that it should “have a sufficient capacity to do the requisite work”; (3) that it could be “used up to fifteen hundred tons pressure”; and (4) that they guarantied “the whole.” The Supreme Court held that by this agreement they guarantied that the machine could be used up to 1,500 tons pressure, not once only, but during the time such a machine would ordinarily wear under prudent management. Now, the question in the case at bar is whether the word “capacity,” in the contract before us, was a mere description of the size, or of the room in the pump, made for the purpose of identifying it, as was the name “Worthington,” or is a warranty of all its essential qualities, including size, space, design, strength, and endurance. The McGowan Case does not rule this question, either directly or inferentially, because the agreement in that case contains three express warranties that are not found in the case at bar: (1) That the machine should be constructed “in a workmanlike manner and of first-class material”; (2) that it could “be used up to 1,500 tons pressure”; and (3) that the manufacturers guarantied “the whole.” If the word “size” were substituted for the word “capacity” in that contract, these three warranties would compe? *554 the same construction which was given to it by the Supreme Court. The question at issue is therefore not determined by the McGowan Case.

The word “capacity” has many meanings. It means size, space, or compass. It means power or force. It means intellectual capability, both to receive and to perform. But its primary significance is passive. It is the ability to receive. Its secondary meaning is active. It is the ability to do or to resist. Century Dictionary, “Capacity.” The seating capacity of a hall is its size, its ability to permit people to be seated within it. The capacity of a dynamo electric machine is its ability to produce power. In which sense did the parties to this contract use this word? The vendor was not the manufacturer, but was to become the purchaser from the manufacturer and the seller to the mines company of this pump, which the latter had selected, and all this the purchaser knew. While the pump was a machine that it was necessary for the manufacturer to build pursuant to the order of the plaintiff, it was still a definite and standard article of a character presumably known, from the name of its manufacturer, to the purchaser, who selected it from the three pumps that were offered to it, as well as to the dealer who procured it. A manufacturer knows, or ought to know, the design, materials, and workmanship of the machines he produces, while a trader in them, who has no connection with their manufacture, is chargeable'with no such knowledge. For this reason the contracts of sale made by manufacturers are construed more strongly against them than are those which are made by dealers. Thus, in Cosgrove v. Bennett, 32 Minn. 371, 374 , 20 N. W. 359 , a manufacturer who undertook to construct a mill in first-class shape, which should have a capacity of 100 barrels per 24 hours, was held to have agreed that this mill would ordinarily turn out that amount of flour under proper management. The contract in that case, however, differs from the one before us, not only in the fact that the seller was the'manufacturer, but also in the fact that he covenanted to construct the mill “in first-class shape.”

A contract should have a natural and rational construction, if possible, one in accord with the course of action usually pursued by those of ordinary prudence under like circumstances, rather than one that is unnatural, unreasonable, and contrary to the customary course of action of men in situations similar to that of the contracting parties. It is not reasonable to suppose that a trader who is selling to a customer by description a machine of known manufacture, which the latter selects and the former purchases or orders for him, would guaranty that the article purchased would endure and do the work of similar machines as long as articles of that character ordinarily last. Such an obligation is out of proportion to the consideration which the dealer obtains from the sale, out of the ordinary course of business, and it should not be imposed upon and enforced against him unless it is clearly expressed in his contract, or may be fairly implied from it.

The contract in this case is evidenced by letters. It included a motor manufactured by the plaintiff, and a Worthington pump made by the owner of the Worthington works and patterns. After the plaintiff *555 liad offered its motor and a choice of three standard pumps at specified prices, and the mines company had selected the Worthington pump, it made its final proposition, which, with an immaterial modification, was accepted. It was in these words: “In accordance with conversation we beg to make you the following quotation of electrically driven pump having a capacity of 300 gallons per minute against a head of 350 feet,” followed by a specific description of the pump and motor. It does not appear from these words that the parties intended to use them to warrant all the essential qualities of the pump, its size, design, construction, materials, efficiency, and endurance; yet this is in effect the claim of counsel for the defendants. The interpretation that these words were used, like the word “Worthington,” to describe or identify the pump by a description of a single quality of it, the size, or its receiving capability, is not inconsistent with any of the terms of the contract. The primary signification of the word “capacity” is passive! and in accord with this construction. In this contract it relates to a passive machine, one that does not drive, but is to be driven, by electricity. The passive meaning of the word is more appropriate to such an article than its active significance. The plaintiff was not a manufacturer of, but a dealer in, the pump made by another and selected by the vendee. Plain and simple terms which would occur to the mind of any business man were available to the parties to express with clearness and certainty a guaranty of the design, construction, materials, efficiency, or endurance of this pump, but the contracting parties did not use them. From this state of facts it is so difficult to logically deduce the conclusion that these parties intended to embody a guaranty of this nature in their contract by the use of the simple word “capacity,” whose primary significance is limited to the quality of size, and does not include others, that we are unable to agree that such was the intention of the parties to the contract.' Our conclusion is that a contract by a dealer to furnish to a purchaser a definite pump of a known manufacture, having a capacity of 300 gallons per minute against a head of 350 feet, which has been selected by the purchaser and is to be built by the manufacturer, is not a warranty of the efficiency, performance, or endurance of the machine, but a description of the pump, like the name it bears, and it is limited in its effect as a warranty to the quality of size. As this was the extent of the express warranty, the plaintiff was not guilty of any breach of it.

It is said that an implied warranty arose from the sale, to the effect that the pump should be fit and proper for the pumping of water in the shaft of a mine, and that this covenant was broken. If the pump was unfit to do the work which machines of that nature ordinarily perform, that condition arose from latent defects in the material of which it was constructed, or in the workmanship bestowed upon it, of which the plaintiff had no notice. The electric company secured and delivered the article of the known manufacture which the mines company had selected, and which was described in the contract. A manufacturer is charged by the law with notice of latent defects in the design, materials, and construction of the machines he makes which unfit them to perform the ordinary work of such articles, because he fur *556 nishes the design, the materials, and the workmanship, and thus either causes or permits the defects. Out of this state of facts and an agreement of sale an implied warranty arises on the part of the manufacturer that the machines he makes are suitable for the general purposes for which such articles are commonly used. Goulds v. Brophy, 42 Minn. 109, 112 , 43 N. W. 834 , 6 L. R. A. 392. But where such a purchaser buys of a dealer a definite machine of known manufacture, which has been, or is to be, made by a builder who is not the vendor, and the vendee knows this fact, there is no implied warranty by the dealer, either against latent defects or that the machine or article will be suitable for the purposes for which such articles are commonly used, because the purchaser has the same knowledge and means of knowledge of these subjects as has the dealer. The vendee knows that they both rely on the character and reputation of the manufacturer. Bragg v. Morrill, 49 Vt. 45, 47 , 24 Am. Rep. 102 ; American Forcite Powder Mfg. Co. v. Brady, 4 App. Div. 95, 97 , 38 N. Y. Supp. 545 ; Gardner v. Winter (Ky.) 78 S. W. 143 , 63 L. R. A. 647, 649.

Again, the parties to this sale put their contract in writing, and embodied in their writing an express warranty of one of the qualities of the pump essential to its fitness for the general uses for which such pumps are designed. Where parties have deliberately put their engagements in writing in such terms as import plain legal obligations, it is conclusively'presumed that the whole engagement of the parties and the manner and extent of their undertaking were embodied in the writing. McKinley v. Williams, 74 Fed. 94, 101 , 20 C. C. A. 312, 319 . The contract of these parties was of this character. Its subject was the pump that was sold, and the expressed warranty of one of its qualities, of its size, which is contained in the description, raises the conclusive implication that other qualities requisite tq its fitness for the general use of such pumps were not warranted. An express warranty of one of the qualities of an article excludes an implied warranty of other qualities of a similar nature. The exaction or acceptance by the purchaser of personal property of a warranty of one quality raises a conclusive presumption that he did not desire, or could not secure, or the parties agreed that he should not have, the warranty of others of the same character. Benjamin on Sales (7th Am. Ed.) 672; Carleton V. Lombard, Ayres & Co., 72 Hun, 254, 260 , 25 N. Y. Supp. 570 ; Jackson v. Langston, 61 Ga. 392 ; Baldwin v. Van Deusen, 37 N. Y. 487, 489 ; Deming v. Foster, 42 N. H. 165, 175; De Witt v. Berry, 134 U. S. 306, 313 , 10 Sup. Ct. 536, 33 L. Ed. 896 ; Seitz v. Brewers’, etc., Machine Co., 141 U. S. 510, 517 , 12 Sup. Ct. 46, 35 L. Ed. 837 ; Buckstaff v. Russell & Co., 79 Fed. 611, 615 , 25 C. C. A. 129, 133 ; International Pavement Co. v. Smith, etc., Machine Co., 17 Mo. App. 264, 269 ; Chandler v. Thompson (C. C.) 30 Fed. 38, 46 ; J. I. Case Plow Works v. Niles & Scott Co., 90 Wis. 590, 604, 63 . N. W. 1013; McGraw v. Fletcher, 35 Mich. 104, 106 ; Mullain v. Thomas, 43 Conn. 252, 254 . There was no implied warranty of the fitness of the pump to do the work for which pumps of its nature are designed, and there was no breach of the express warranty contained in the contract.

*557 The judgments below must accordingly be reversed, and the cases must be remanded to the court below, with instructions to grant new trials. The writs of error in cases numbered 2,261 and 2,263 challenge no rulings that are prejudicial to the defendants in the cases below, and they must be dismissed at their costs. It is so ordered.