Simmons v. United States

When it is made to appear to the court during the trial of a criminal case that, either by reason of facts existing when the jurors were sworn, but not then disclosed or known to the court, or by reason of outside influences brought to bear on the jury pending the trial, the jurors or any of them are subject to such bias or prejudice as not to stand impartial between the government and the accused, the jury may be discharged, and the defendant put on trial by another jury; and the defendant is not thereby twice put in jeopardy, within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the, United States. The judge presiding at a trial, civil or criminal, in any court of the United States, may express.his opinion to the jury upon the questions of fact which he submits to their determination.

ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. This was an indictment on section 5209 of the Revised Statutes for aiding and abetting one Claassen in embezzling and misapplying the funds of a certain national bank in the city, of New York. The defendant pleaded not guilty. On January 26, 1,891, the case came on for trial upon the issue thus joined; a jury was empanelled and sworn; Good-now, one of the jurors, stated on his voir dire that he had no acquaintance with the defendant and had never seen him to his knowledge; the case was opened to the jury; and on that and following days witnesses were examined on behalf of the United States. Before the coming in of the court on Friday, February 6, the district attorney received, and exhibited to the defendant’s counsel, and to the judge, an'affidavit of one Ward to the effect- that during four months in 1884 the juror Goodnow and the defendant occupied adjoining rooms in a building in the city of New York, and were often seen conversing together in the halls.of that building. The court thereupon adjourned the trial until Monday, February 9. In the afternoon of February 6, the district attorney received from the defendant’s counsel a letter, commenting upon the statements in-Ward’s affidavit and denying their truth, asserting that Ward had had a quarrel of long standing with the defendant, and stating that he had sent a copy of the letter to the daily papers; and the substance of this letter was published in the morning papers of February 7. On the coming in of the court on February 9, the district attorney read affidavits to the foregoing facts, together with Ward’s affidavit, the letter of the defendant’s counsel and the publication in the newspapers; and thereupon moved the court “ to withdraw a juror, for the reason that, taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity for the act,' or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated.” In opposing this motion, the defendant’s counsel admitted the making of Ward’s affidavit, its communication to the counsel on both sides and to the court, and the writing and-publication of the letter; but submitted an affidavit of the defendant denying that he had ever known Goodnow or had ever to his knowledge seen him before the trial, as well as an affidavit of the counsel explaining his action, and stating that he wrote and published, his letter because he had been informed that the reasons for the adjournment of the court had been made public by the district attorney. The judge gave his decision upon the motion as follows: “ I am of the opinion that the facts presented make it necessary to discharge the, present, jury from further consideration of this case, in order to prevent the defeat of. the ends of justice, and to preserve the rights of the people and also to- preserve the rights of the accused to be tried by a jury, every member of which can. render a verdict free from constraint. It is' manifest that the. knowledge respecting the statement made by Ward, conveyed to the jury by the publication, of the letter of the defendant’s counsel, makes it impossible that in the future-consideration of this case by the jury there can be that true independence and freedom of action on the part of each juror which is necessary to a fair trial of the accused.” And after Goodnow and other jurors, being asked by the judge, had answered -that they had read the publication in the newspapers, he added: “ Therefore such a publication under the peculiar circumstances attending it affords, in my opinion, a sufficient ground to discharge the jury at this time.” The judge thereupon ordered a juror to be withdrawn and the jury discharged. The defendant excepted to this order, and moved for an acquittal because of such-discharge of the jury, and excepted, to the denial of his motion. On February 12 the' case came on. for trial before another jury, and a motion of the defendant to file a plea in bar on the ground of former jeopardy was opposed by the district attorney and denied by the court; and to this denial the defendant excepted. The case was then tried, and was submitted by the judge to the jury on March 10 under instructions beginning as follows : “ I have the right, under the laws of the United States, to give you my opinion on questions of fact, but I refrain from doing so because I am well satisfied of your capacity to understand what has been testified to in all these days that we have been here engaged. I shall confine myself to stating to you the law by which you are bound, simply calling your attention to the questions of fact which are to be decided by you, for, as you know, juries decide questions of fact, and not the court.” On the next day the jury came into court and asked to be discharged from further consideration of the case. To this request the court, after ascertaining by inquiry that the' jury required no further instructions in matter of law, replied, as follows: “ This case has occupied a long time. ít is a case of importance, and the discharge of the jury at this time would involve another trial. It seems to me that that should not be had unless in a case of necessity. I see in this case no such necessity. I cannot understand the failure to agree arises from any difference of opinion based upon the insufficiency of the evidence in this case. Whenever in the opinion, of the .court the testimony is convincing, it is the duty of the court, to hold the jury together. Therefore I must decline your request to be discharged.” The defendant excepted to the judge’s statement to the jury that he regarded the testimony as convincing, and, being found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for six years in a penitentiary, tendered a bill of exceptions, which was allowed by the judge, and sued out this writ of error.