Brown v. Massachusetts

A defendant indicted in a state court for’forging discharges for money payable by a municipal corporation, with intent to defraud it, pleaded in abatement to the array of the grand jury, and to the array of the traverse ' jury, that all the” jurors were inhabitants of the municipality, but did not at that stage of the case claim in any 'form a right or immunity under the Constitution of the United States. After conviction, the defendant, by motion in arrest of .judgment, and.by exception to the jurisdiction of the court, objected that the proceedings were in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States for the same reason, and also because the selectmen of the municipality who-prepared the jury list, and took the principal part in drawing the jurors, were at the same time actively promoting this prosecution. The highest court of the State held the objections taken.before verdict to be unfounded, and those after verdict to be taken too late. Held, that this, court had no jurisdiction to review the judgment on writ of error.

ERROR TO THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. An indictment was found by the grand jury in the superior court for the county of Nantucket and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on c. 204, §§ 1,"2, of the Public .Statutes of Massachusetts, containing twenty-four counts, each of which was for forging, or for uttering, a discharge for money payable by the county of Nantucket, or by the town of Nantucket, with intent to defraud the county,’or the town. The town and county of Nantucket are geographically identical ; the selectmen of the town have the powers of county commissioners; the town may raise money to pay the expenses of the county ; and the treasurer of the town is county treasurer. Mass. Pub. Stat. c. 22, § 29; c. 23, § 4. By the general jury act of Massachusetts, in every town, lists of persons qualified to serve as jurors are prepared annually by the selectmen, and are subject to revision by the town in town meeting; and all grand jurors and traverse jurors are drawn by lot from the names on such lists. Mass. Pub. Stat. c. 170, §§ 6-22. That act contains the following profusions: ' “ Sec. 38. In indictments and penal actions for the recovery of a sum of money or other thing forfeited, it shall not be a. cause of challenge to a juror that he is liable to pay taxes in. a county, city or town, which rmay -be benefited by such recovery. “Sec. 39. íf a party knows of an objection to a juror in season to propose, it before the trial, and omits to do so, he shall not afterwards be allowed to make the same objection, unless by leave of the court. “Sec. 40. No irregularity in a writ of venire facias, or in the drawing, summoning, returning or empanelling of jurors, shall be sufficient to set . aside a verdict, unless the party making the objection was injured by the irregularity, or unless the objection was made before the. returning of the verdict.” The act of Massachusetts concerning proceedings before ' judgment in criminal cases contains this provision: “No motion in arrest of judgment shall be allowed for a cause existing before verdict, unless the samé affects the jurisdiction of the court.” Mass. Pub. Stat. c. 214, §.27. ■ The defendant pleaded in abatement to the array of the grand jury, and afterwards to the array of the traverse jury, upon several grounds, the only one of which relied on at the argument in this court was “bécause the names of said jurors were not- drawn from the list of jurors in the manner provided by law.” The district attorney filed a replication to each plea; and at the hearing thereon it. appeared that the crimes charged in the indictment were committed, if at all, in regard' to vouchers presented to the town and county treasurer, with-intent to defraud -the town or the county; and the defendant requested the court to rule, “that by reason of bias and interest a grand jury” (or “a jury”) “drawn and made up from the inhabitants of the town and county of Nantucket was not competent' to make a presentment” (or “to try an indictment”) “for crimes against the county or town treasury.” The court declined so to rule, and overruled each plea; the defendant duly excepted to each ruling, and pleaded not guilty, and was thereupon tried and convicted; and his ex-, ceptions were overruled by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, for reasons stated in the rescript sent down to' the superior court as follows: “ The .jurors were not disqualified to serve by reason of interest as inhabitants of the. town or county of Nantucket.” The opinion ■ then delivered is annexed to the transcript of the record, as required .by Rule 8 of this court, and is reported in 147 Mass. 585. The defendant then filed in the Superior Court a motion in arrest of. judgment, rehewing the same objections to the grand and traverse juries; and further alleging that before the finding of the indictment the selectmen had been directed, by a vote of the town at a meeting duly warned, to prosecute the defendant for the offences described in the indictment, and pursuant to that vote employed counsel, and a majority of' them, with the approval, of the others, made a complaint against the defendant for those offences before a trial justice, who was himself an inhabitant and voter of the town, and had taken part in the town meeting and in its vote, and had there declared that the defendant was guilty, and, before the making of the complaint, had advised and counselled with the. selectmen as to the furtherance of the prosecution; that the selectmen prosecuted the complaint, and obtained an order from the justice requiring the defendant to recognize for his appearance before the superior court, and prepared evidence and sought o.ut witnesses to be produced against him before, the grand jury; that while engaged in furthering such prose-' cution the selectmen prepared the list.from which were drawn the grand and traverse jurors who found and' tried the indictment against the defendant; „ that at the town meeting at. which such jurors were drawn no one was present, except the selectmen, and the constable who had served the warrant for the meeting; that of tlie twenty-three grand jurors who found the indictment, all but five had been present at the town meeting first mentioned, and had joined in the vote there adopted; and that for these reasons “ the presentment and the trial and conviction of the defendant were in conflict with the provisions of the constitution of this Commonwealth, and in particular of the provisions of the twelfth article of the Declaration of Eights, and were in conflict with the Constitution of the United States of America, and in particular with the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment thereto.” Together with the motion in arrest of judgment, the defendant filed an “exception to the jurisdiction,” containing like allegations, and further alleging that by reason of the facts alleged the grand jurors had no authority to present, and the traverse jurors had.no authority to try, the indictment against the defendant, and the court had no jurisdiction to receive the presentment or to try the matter thereof. At the hearing of this motion and exception the district attorney admitted the facts alleged therein. The court overruled the motion and the exception. The defendant appealed from the order overruling the motion in arrest of judgment, and alleged exceptions to the overruling of his exception to ■ the jurisdiction. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts affirmed the order, and overruled the exceptions, for reasons stated in its. rescript to the superior court as follows: “ A motion in arrest of judgment can be sustained only for errors apparent on the-record. The record discloses no error. The exception to the jurisdiction is nothing but a motion in arrest of judgment under another name.” In the opinion then delivered, and duly transmitted to this court with the record, the Supreme Judicial Court, after deciding the case upon the grounds stated in this rescript, added: “ It is difficult to see how any question deserving serious consideration arises under the Constitution, either of this State or of the United States. In view of the authorities cited in the former opinion in this case, it can hardly be argued that a legislature' has no constitutional authority to. provide that mere inhabitancy in a town or county shall not disqualify one from sitting as a juror to try-a prisoner for unlawfully obtaining money from the treasury of the town or county. It has not been contended before us, that our statute forbidding the allowance of a motion in arrest of judgment for a cause existing before verdict, unless it affects the jurisdiction of the court, is unconstitutional, nor that the rule which confines proceedings upon motions in arrest to.matters apparent upon the record is in conflict either with the. Federal or State Constitution. "We are of- opinion that there was.no error in the proceedings in the superior court.” 15Q Mass. 334, 343. The superior court thereupon sentenced the defendant to imprisonment in the house of correction for two years and six months, and he sued out this writ of error. By the practice in Massachusetts, where a bill of exceptions or an appeal in matter of law is taken to the Supreme Judicial Court, the question of law only goes to that court, and the ■record, unless ordered up by that court, remains in the court below; and therefore this writ of error was addressed to the superior court. Mass. Pub. Stat. c. 150, §§ 7, 12; c. 153, § 15; McGuire v. Commonwealth, 3 Wall. 382; Bryan v. Bates, 12 Allen, 201, 205 ; Commonwealth v. Scott, 123 Mass. 418.