Alaska Pacific Fisheries v. United States
Syllabus
Summary
Syllabus and headnotes are prepared by the reporter or publisher, not the court, and are not part of the opinion.
Opinion
Me. Justice Van Devantee delivered the opinion of . the court.
This is a suit, by the United States to enjoin the Alaska Pacific Fisheries, a California corporation, from maintaining, and to compel it to remove, an extensive fish-trap erected by it in navigable waters at the Annette Inlands in Alaska. The objections urged against the'.trap are, first, that it is within a reservation lawfully established for the use of the Metlakahtla and other Indians, and, second, that it is an unauthorized obstruction to the navigable capacity.of waters of the United States. A decree was entered granting the relief sought, and this-was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 240 Fed. Rep. 274.
The Annette Islands are a group of small islands in southeastern Alaska. During the summer of 1887 some 800 Metlakahtla Indians emigrated from British Columbia and settled on one of these islands. The emigration and settlement were not only acquiesced in but encouraged by executive and administrative officers of the United .States, 1
and subsequently were sanctioned by Congress through the enactment of § 15 of the Act of March 3, 1891, c. 561, 26 Stat. 1101 . That section reads as follows:
“That until otherwise provided by law the body of lands known as Annette Islands, situated in Alexander Archipelago in Southeastern Alaska, on the north side of Dixon’s entrance, be, and the same is hereby, set apart as a reservation for the use of thé Metlakahtla Indians, and those people known as Metlakahtlans who have recently emigrated from British Columbia to Alaska, and such *87 other Alaskan natives as may join them, to be held and used by them in common, under such rules and regulations, and subject to such restrictions, as may [be] prescribed from time to time by the Secretary of the Interior.”
The fish-trap was erected in 1916 without the consent of the Indians or the Secretary of the Interior. It is a formidable structure consisting of heavy piling and wire webbing, is located in water of considerable depth, approximately 600 feet from the high tide line of the island on which the Indians settled, is intended to catch about 600,000 salmon in a single season, and its operation will tend, materially to reduce the natural supply of fish accessible to the Indians.
The principal question for decision is whether the reservation created by the Act of 1891 embraces only the upland of the islands or includes as well the adjacent waters and submerged land. The question is one of construction — of determining what Congress intended by the words “the body of lands known as Annette Islands.”
As an appreciation of the circumstances in which words are used usually is conducive and at times is essential to a right understanding of them, it is important, in approaching a solution of the question stated, to have in mind the circumstances in which the reservation was created — the power of Congress in the premises, the location and character of the islands, the situation and needs of the Indians and the object to be attained.
That Congress had power to make the reservation inclusive of the adjacent waters and submerged land as well as the upland needs little more than statement. All were the property of the United States and within a district where the entire dominion and sovereignty rested in the United States and over which Congress had complete legislative authority.
National Bank v. County of Yankton, 101 U. S. 129, 133 ;
Shively v. Bowlby, 152 *88*88 U. S. 1, 47-48, 58;
United States v. Winans, 198 U. S. 371, 383 . - The reservation was not in the nature of a private grant, but simply a setting apart, “until otherwise provided by law,” of designated public property for a recognized public purpose — that of safe-guarding and advancing a ‘dependent Indian people dwelling within the United States. See United States v. Kagama, 118 U. S. 375, 379 , et seq.; United States v. Rickert, 188 U. S. 432,437 .
The islands are in the interior of the Alexander “Archipelago and separated from other islands by well known bodies of water. Before the Metlakahtla settlement they were wild and uninhabited. While bearing a fair supply of- timber, only a small portion of the upland’is arable, more than three-fourths consisting of mountains and rocks. Salmon and other fish in large numbers frequent and pass through the waters ¿djacent to the shore and the opportunity thus' afforded for securing fish for local consumption and for salting, curing, canning-and sale gives to the islands a value for settlement and in-habitance which otherwise they would not have.
The purpose of the Metlakahtlans, in going to the islands, was to establish an Indian colony which would be self-sustaining and reasonably free from the obstacles which attend the advancement of a primitive people. They were largely fishermen and hunters,- ’accustomed to live from the returns of those vocations,, and looked upon the islands as a'suitable location for their, colony, because .the fishery -adjacent to the shore- would afford a primary means of subsistence and a promising opportunity for industrial ’and commercial development.
After their ‘settlement and' before the reservation was created, the Indians, under the guidance of a noted missionary, adopted a. form of self-government suited to their needs; established for themselves a village with substantial dwellings, schoolhouses and the like, and *89 constructed and installed an extensive establishment where they canned salmon for the market.
1
The purpose of creating the reservation was to encourage, assist and protect the Indians in their effort to train themselves to habits of industry, become self-sustaining and advance to the ways of civilized life. True, the Metlakahtlans were foreign bom, but the action of Congress has made that immaterial here.
The circumstances which we have recited shed much light on what Congress intended by “the body of lands known as Annette Islands.” The Indians could not sustain • themselves from the use of the upland alone. The use of the adjacent fishing grounds was equally essential. Without this the colony could not prosper in that location. The Indians naturally looked on the fishing grounds as part of the islands and proceeded on that theory in soliciting the reservation. They had done much for themselves and were striving to do more. Evidently Congress intended to conform its action to their situation and needs. It did not reserve merely the site of their village, or the island on which they were dwelling, but the whole of what is known as Annette Islands, and inferred to it as a single body of lands. This, as we think, shows that the geographical name was used, as is sometimes done, in a sense embracing the intervening and surrounding waters as well as the upland — in other words, as descriptive of the area comprising the islands.
This conclusion has support in the general rule that statutes passed for the benefit of dependent Indian tribes or communities are to be liberally construed, doubtful expressions being resolved in favor of the Indians.
Choate v. Trapp, 224 U. S. 665, 675 , and cases cited. And it has further support in the facts that, .save for the de- *90 leudan.' • conduct , in 1916, the statute from the time of its enactment has been treated, as stated in the opinion of- the Alaska court, by the Indians and the public, as reserving the adjacent fishing grounds as well as the upland, and that in regulations prescribed by the Secretary i of the Interior on February 9, 1915, the Indians are recognized as the only persons to whom permits may ■be issued for erecting salmon traps at these islands.
These views are decisive of the suit and sustain the' decree below.
Decree affirmed.
1
House Ex. Docs., 50th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 10, p. 64, vol. 13, p. 34; Sen. Mis. Doc., No. 144, 53d Cong., 2d sess.; Sen.' Doc., No. 275, 55th Cong., 2d sess. ■ 1
House Ex. Docs., 50th Cong., 2d sess., vol. 10, p. cii; House Mis. Docs., 52d Cong., 1st sess., vol. 50, part, pp. 27-29, 188.
How later courts describe this case
Explanatory parentheticals written by citing courts — 31 in all; the most informative distinct ones are shown.
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(holding that statutes passed for the benefit of Indian tribes or communities are to be liberally construed and doubtful expressions resolved in favor of the Indians)
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(finding support for conclusion that Congress intended to include submerged lands within reservation in subsequent conduct whereby reservation was treated as including submerged lands)
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(interpreting the scope of land included in a reservation created by congressional act)
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(ambiguous provisions in a statute passed for the benefit of tribes and their members are interpreted in favor of the Indians)
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(reservation of "body of lands" in southeastern Alaska for Metlakahtla Indians included adjacent waters and submerged lands, because fishing was necessary for Indians' subsistence)
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(Indians sought to control non-Indian fish-trap built on submerged lands near the shore of the Annette Islands)
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(grant to tribe of “body of lands known as Annette Islands” included adjacent fishing grounds)
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(exclusive right to fish implied because necessary for self-sustaining community)
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