Summary
Appeal, No. 164, Jan. T., 1894, by-defendant, William Silcox, from judgment of O. & T. Mon-tour Co., on verdict of guilty of manslaughter.
Indictment for murder. Before Ikeler, P. J.
At the trial it appeared that, on May 4, 1"893, the prisoner shot Franklin Gallagher in the leg, and that five days after-wards Gallagher died from the wound. At the time of the shooting'it appeared that both the deceased and the prisoner had been drinking, and evidence for the prisoner tended to show that they were close friends.
When Thomas MacafEery, á witness for the Commonwealth, was on the stand, he was asked: “ Q. State whether or not Frank Gallagher knew his condition. A. He did Thursday morning, yes, sir. Q. What did he say to you ? A. I says to him on Thursday morning, about, I guess, in the neighborhood of six o’clock, he says to me : ‘ Tom, I am gone.’ Q. What did he mean by that, do you know ? [Objected to.] Q. What followed? A. Then I asked him, I says: ‘ Frank, how does’ this happen ? ’ [Objected to.] Q. The night before that time did Frank Gallagher realize his condition, do you know? A. About three o’clock in the morning, when the puddlers’ whistle was blown, yes sir, on Thursday morning, the day he died. He died in the evening five minutes till eight, he came to his senses about three. W e took notice to it first hearing the puddlers’ whistle. Q. Did you or not think he was dying at any time through that night ? A. Yes, sir. Q. State to the court and jury his condition between two o’clock Thursday morning and four. A. In the neighborhood of about four o’clock he kind o’ fainted away that we called the whole family up, thought he was gone, that he was dead. That was Thursday morning about four o’clock as near as I can tell. Q. What was the first expression that Frank made to you after he came to ? A. The first he made to me after he came to, he says : * I believe I am gone, Tom.’ That was a" good while after though— in the neighborhood of two hours may be afterwards, or more.”
Defendant objected because the commonwealth had not laid sufficient ground upon which to introduce the declarations of a dying man as his dying declarations or as testimony in this case. Objection overruled, exception. [12]
' “'Q. Now state to the court and the jury exactly what was said by Frank Gallagher. A. I said to him : ‘ Frank, how did this happen ? ’ , He says: ‘ I went out with Silcox, and we went in, and Silcox put some meat on the stove to fry, and the cat started to run round, and I said I would either feed those cats or shoot them, and he says, Gallagher, you insult me and I will shoot you. And I got up and went to the door and got my coat and put it on, and I turned round to get my hat, and Silcox came downstairs and let fly.’ ”
The court charged in part as follows:
“ This painfully interesting case is now drawing to a close, and is about to be submitted to you upon the facts as developed by the evidence and the law as declared by the court, in order that you may pronounce a verdict between the commonwealth and the defendant. It is no doubt a serious and painful duty to you; but you must not shrink from the task, regardless of whether jmu will receive the approval of one class of men of the community or the condemnation of another. >Every fair-minded person who has witnessed the trial must be satisfied of its fairness, regularity and impartiality up to the present time, let his own opinion of the merits of the cause be as it may. And I am sure that nothing which is left to be done by you will impair its general character. [While justice is to be tempered with mercy, you will see to it in your deliberations tfyat your compassion for the accused shall not work wrong and injustice to the commonwealth. Frank Gallagher, the deceased, was — and all citizens who survive are — as much entitled to the protection of the law as is the prisoner at the bar; ] [2] and in considering the evidence and in determining this case, you will lay aside all sympathy for the one side or for the other. Let love, hate, passion or feeling be banished from your minds; be guided and governed in your decision by the pure, high and noble motive of observing the law and arriving at the truth according to the evidence. If you discharge your duty conscientiously — as we have no doubt you will — whether your verdict be popular or unpopular, you may defy the censure of those whom it may displease, as I know you would disregard the applause of those whom it may please. In performing my duty I have and will conscientiously regard the oath which obliges me to faithfully and impartially administer the laws according to my best skill and judgment. And in discharging yours you will have due regard to that oath which imposes upon you the obligation well and truly to try the cause between the commonwealth and the prisoner at the bar, according to the law and to the evidence, which has been given you in the CRS6.
“ The defendant, William Silcox, stands charged in this indictment with the crime of murder. The district attorney, with the consent of the court, has withdrawn the charge of murder of the first degree and asks only for conviction of murder of the second degree or of voluntary manslaughter, either of which you may find if the evidence warrants it. The unlawful killing of a person otherwise than by means of poison or of lying in wait or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing — but with malice suddenly produced —is murder of the second degree. Manslaughter is the unlawful and felonious killing of another without malice either express or implied. Where, upon a sudden quarrel, two persons fight and one kills the other, it is manslaughter; so if a man be greatly provoked by gross indignity and immediately upon the first transport of passion kills his aggressor, it is manslaughter. In these and such like cases, the law kindly appreciating the infirmities of human nature, extenuates the offence committed and mercifully hesitates to put upon the same footing of guilt the cool, deliberate act and the result of hasty passion and action. Manslaughter lies where the injury producing death was inflicted with a design and purpose to kill. But only in the heat of passion or without malice. It also lies where death results unintentionally, so far as the defendant is concerned, from an unlawful act on his part. The law of this state punishes the'first offence of murder of the second degree with imprisonment by separate and solitary confinement at labor not exceeding twenty years, and voluntary manslaughter by imprisonment by separate and solitary confinement at labor (or by simple imprisonment) not exceeding twelve years — in the discretion of the court — and by a fine not exceeding one. thousand dollars, and demands security for good behavior during life or for any less time, according to the nature and enormity of the offence.
“ Under this indictment, if the evidence warrants it — as explained in our instructions — you may find the defendant guilty either of murder of the second degree or of voluntary manslaughter ; or you may find the defendant not guilty.
“ [If all the evidence in the ease proves to the satisfaction of your minds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, in cool blood, not in the heat of passion, not demented by gross intoxication, shot the deceased and thereby inflicted upon his leg a wound, which wound accelerated or caused blood poisoning to set in, killing or causing the death of the deceased five days after such shooting and wounding, then you might find the defendant guilty of murder of the second degree.] [3]
“ [If you find from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant did, upon a sudden quarrel or provocation and without malice, shoot and wound the deceased, that such shooting and wounding caused blood poisoning to set in, and that from such disease he died on the fifth day after the shooting, then the offence would be manslaughter, and your verdict would be accordingly — all other requirements of fact and law, as we have or will instruct you, being made out.] [4]
“ If you have any reasonable doubt arising on and from all the evidence in the case, as to the defendant being guilty either of murder of the second degree or of manslaughter, as we have already explained them to you, then you should simply find the defendant not guilty.
We instruct you that malice, within the meaning of the law, includes not only ill-will, anger, hatred and revenge, but is implied in the doing of any action flowing or following from a wicked and corrupt motive — from any deed done with a wicked mind, attended with such circumstances as plainly indicate a heart regardless of social duty and fully bent on mischief; hence malice is implied from any deliberate and cool act committed against another, however suddenly performed, which shows an abandoned and malignant heart.
[Now, as to the facts in this case: On the sixth day of May last, it appears from the testimony, if you believe the witnesses, that Frank Gallagher left his home in this borough of Danville at about three or four o’clock in the afternoon and went out upon the streets, and upon Mill street met the defendant Silcox and perhaps others. That Gallagher and Silcox drank together. That at one place drink was refused Silcox, who offered in payment bread tickets ; but that he subsequently procured a pint of liquor, a portion of which — if we recollect aright — and if we mis-reeite any part of the testimony, we ask to be corrected — was drunk and the rest taken by Silcox to his house, whither he was accompanied by the deceased; that upon the afternoon or evening of that day the report of a gun was heard by the neighbors or by persons being at the time near the house of Silcox; that Gallagher came out of Silcox’s house and went into the house (adjoining) of Edward — Ted or Teddy as the witnesses say — Lewis, where he said that he had been shot or that he was hurt; that persons, upon hearing that report, approached, saw that the deceased was wounded, helped him to a chair or in a position to have his leg washed; and that a physician was sent for. Hollister testifies to washing the leg and Mrs. Beddoeta that she brought water for that purpose. These witnesses (and others) testify as to their care for the wounded man, and the physicians who attended him describe his condition. Dr. Kimmerer, who dressed the wound and had charge of the patient till his death, and who was present at the autopsy or post-mortem examination of the body of the deceased, underwent a thorough examination in chief and an especially searching cross-examination as to the wound, his treatment of the patient, the progress of the disease, septicaemia or blood poisoning, and the state of the thoracic and of the abdominal viscera after death. Drs. Thompson and Voorhees also described these matters, or some of them. Dr. Curry was called, but he merely acted as recorder of the autopsy. All the physicians who took part in the actual post-mortem examination of the remains had also been in consultation on the patient’s case before his death; and they practically agree that he died from septicaemia, that is, blood poisoning, superinduced by this gunshot wound, or this wound as they describe it — as if made by shot or some round bodies from a gun. In fact the witnesses for the defense''have proved to you, and counsel on behalf of the defendant admit, that it was a gunshot wound that was received by the deceased. They prove the kind of gun — a single-barrel, breech-loading shot-gun. No doubt the missile discharged from the gun was shot. The gun had been loaned at some time previous to a stepbrother or half-brother; who, after he was done using it, carried it (loaded with a shell) to his home, and whose mother carried it to the house of Silcox a few days or a short time before this unfortunate occurrence took place. The defendant’s evidence, if believed, shows that the gun was placed, still loaded, in the back part of his house, and we think between the cupboard and the stairway.
“ How did that shooting occur? Did the gun remain where the mother had put it from the time she placed it there until the evéning of the sixth of May, when it was discharged ? Was this the gun that was discharged ? How did it come to be pointed at the leg of Gallagher? The gun went off; the report was heard; Gallagher wounded, came or was assisted into the house of Lewis, and was there (in the care of friends) attended by Dr. Kimmerer, and was thence removed to his home.
“ [While at Lewis’s persons gathered around him, and it is alleged that he made remarks as to the manner of the shooting. But the commonwealth was not permitted to give in evidence as his dying declaration anjffhing said by Gallagher until on the day of his death,] [6] Thursday, May 11th; he dying at about eight o’clock on the evening of that dajn Witnesses speak of his condition from the sixth to the eleventh, dajr by day; and P. H. Macaffrey says that on Monday, the 8th, he seemed to be suffering a great deal of pain ; that he was rational, though, and talked sensibly. He also says: On Sunday evening he told me that he was not going to get well. But on Monday evening he told me that he felt a great deal worse.’ He testified that Gallagher at times during his sickness was rational; but most of the time unconscious and flighty, and not in his right mind.
“ On Thursday, the 11th day of May (as we recollect the testimony of Macaffrey) Gallagher fainted or sank away, and he, Macaffrey, thought that life had departed or that Gallagher was about to die, and the family was called to the bedside; but the patient recovered from the fainting fit and, while he was sensible and in his right mind, was asked how this happened, how this shooting occurred, how it came about. But the witness states that before he asked him this Gallagher had said : ‘ Tom, I believe I am gone.’ The other Macaffrey says that some time previous to this Thursday when he died Gallagher had said, on Sunday the seventh and again on Monday the eighth, that he thought he was going to die and that his mother should not be told. But on Thursday, at some time in the morning of that day, after expressing the belief that he could not get well, he said what we admitted as his dying declaration, or rather as the testimony of the witness Thomas Macaffrey to his dying declaration in answer to the question, how did it happen, or how was this: ‘I went out with Silcox, and Silcox went in, and Silcox put some meat on the stove to fry, and the cats started to run round, and I said I would either feed those cats or shoot them, and he says : “ Gallagher, you insult me and I will shoot you ; ” and I got up and went to the door to get my coat, and put it on and turned to get my hat, and Silcox came downstairs and let fly.’] [5] Whether he got his hat or not does not appear, as we recollect the evidence.
“ It is for the court to decide upon the admissibility of alleged dying declarations. Such declarations must relate directly to the material facts and circumstances of the alleged murder, or of the injury from which death ensues, and they must be made under the fixed belief and moral conviction that death is impending and is certain to follow almost immediately, without opportunity for repentance, and when every hope in this world is gone, when he has despaired of life and looks to death as inevitable and at hand. When a person apprehends that he is thus at the point of death, when every motive to falsehood is silenced and the mind is induced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth, the law in its wisdom considers such situations as creating an obligation equal to that imposed by a positive oath administered in a court of justice.
- “ The court determines a,s to the admissibilitj of dying declarations ; but their weight, as tending to prove or disprove, is to be considered by you, as is that of the other evidence in the case. It is your duty to carefully scrutinize and dispassionately weigh the evidence of all the witnesses in the case, and to give proper credit to each and all, if it is possible to reconcile all the evidence with the presumption that each witness has intended to speak the truth. But if on comparison of all the evidence, having regard to the ability or inability of the witness to know the truth, to his manner and appearance on the witness-stand, to his disposition (if any be shown) to baffle inquiry or to suppress or to avoid telling the truth as to the occurrence or to give color to the same in favor of the one side or of the other, you cannot reconcile the testimony of the different witnesses ; then you must give credit where you think credit is due, and the degree of credit to be given to each and to all of the witnesses is a question for you alone.
“ One witness at least for the commonwealth testifies— Thomas Macaffrey — that, as he ran to the rescue of his cousin Gallagher, passing Silcox, he heard him (Silcox) make the remark: ‘You son of a bitch, I told you I would shoot you and I did.’ Other witnesses, some we think on the part of the Commonwealth, testify that Gallagher at various times between the shooting and his death said that the shooting was an accident, that the wound did not amount to much or that the affair was of no consequence, the occurrence accidental and that they, the bo3’s, meaning probably all within hearing of his voice, should keep quiet about it. Van Gilder testifies that he talked with the wounded man, and that he said that he and Silcox were drinking together and Silcox had a gun in his hand and, it went off ‘ with an accident,’ that is, accidentally — that Silcox had a gun in his hand and that the shooting was an accident. [He does not remember handing his policeman’s club to Gallagher nor that Gallagher took the club and therewith illustrated how the gun was held by Silcox; though Mary Ellen Gallagher, sister of Frank, sa3s that this was done and that Van Gilder thereupon remarked: ‘Yes, that must have been the way of it because he got it on the side of the leg.’ She also relates what she remembers of her brother’s declaration as to turning for his hat and then receiving the charge of shot in his leg; an d at the close of he! testimony says: ‘ Then I heard him also say, I told }ou that I would shoot you and I did.’ Perhaps referring to her brother’s repetition of something said by Silcox; but the jury must determine the meaning of the witness, if they can, from the language she used. On the other hand, Henry Magill, a witness for the defence, says that after Silcox was arrested the deceased said: ‘ That is all the good it will do you; I will never appear against him.’ ] ” [7]
Defendant’s points were as follows:
“ 1. That if the jury believes the testimony of Mrs. Bedow, of Nelson Hollister, Alexander Zendall, Robert Reese, William Shultz, Henry Magill and Lafayette Van Gilder, — that the deceased made declarations at the time of the shooting and subsequently thereto that the shooting was accidental, and contradictory of his alleged dying declarations; such declarations are to be taken into consideration by the jury, and if true there should be an acquittal. Answer: We have carefully instructed you as to that, and we affirm the point so far,— their testimony to such declarations should be carefully considered. But the further part of the point, proceeding thus:
‘ And if true there should be an acquittal,’ we cannot affirm; it may be true that such declarations were made; and yet there may be in the case sufficient evidence above and beyond that to satisfy your minds beyond a reasonable doubt, so that you might convict of one or of the other of the crimes laid in this indictment. Suppose it true that the deceased said that the arrest would do no good, that he would never appear against the defendant and that he said the wound was slight and did not amount to much and that it was accidental — -all that he may Jj ave said, and all that these witnesses testify to he may have said ; and yet there may be sufficient evidence on the part of the commonwealth (from the physicians and others) of facts and circumstances surrounding the case, to convince your minds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant may be guilty of one or of the other of the two crimes included in the charge laid in this indictment. That the person who is injured does not wish to prosecute does not prevenía prosecution. It is the peace and the dignity of the commonwealth, as well as the rights of the individual, that are infringed; and any good citizen would be privileged to prosecute, whether the person particularly injured did so or not.” [8]
“ 2. That if the jury believe that the alleged dying declaration, as testified to by Thomas Macaffrey, is doubtful — that is, first as to whether it was ever made, and, second, as to whether it was made under the influence of delusion, then there should be an acquittal.” Refused. [9]
“ 3. That if the jury have doubts that such alleged dying declaration was ever made, then there should be an acquittal.” Refused. [10]
“ 5. That if the jury disbelieve the testimony of Thomas Macaffrey as delivered from the stand, then there should be an acquittal.” Refused. [11]
The following certificate, signed by the president and associate judges, was printed in appellee’s paper-book: “We the undersigned judges comprising the aforesaid court do hereby certify and declare that, at the beginning of the trial of the above mentioned case, the president judge directed the clerk to enter upon the records the fact that the defendant was present in court at every stage and step in the trial and hearing of the case, and further knowing that the prisoner William Silcox, was so present, we hereby direct and order the prothonotary and clerk of said court, E. G. Hoffman, Esq., to correct and amend the said record of the trial and proceedings relating thereto, so that it will appear that the said defendant Silcox was present in court at every stage of the case.”
The official stenographer also certified “that the president judge at the beginning of the trial of said case directed the clerk, E. G. Hoffman, Esq., to note upon his record or minutes of the said trial, that the defendant was at every stage of the case present in court, and, depending upon said clerk to have it appear upon his records, I did not note the fact of his presence in court on my notes.”
Errors assigned were: (1) The record does not show the presence of the defendant at the trial, or at the several adjournments thereof from day to day, nor that he was asked at bar why judgment should not be pronounced against him, nor that he was present when sentence was pronounced against him by the court, and contains nothing to sustain a conviction and sentence ; (2 — 11) instructions; (12) ruling; quoting instructions, bill of exceptions and evidence.
Syllabus and headnotes are prepared by the reporter or publisher, not the court, and are not part of the opinion.
