McLaughlin v. Bardsen

MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY

delivered the opinion of the court.

In September, 1912, the city of Butte let a contract to Bard-sen, Hammer and Larson to install a public sewer for the city, *184 and in execution of the agreement the contractors caused to be excavated a trench in which to lay the sewer-pipe. The line of sewer was parallel with and about 100 feet from Anaconda Road, a public street of the city. One portion of the sewer trench within the city limits was in front of, and but a few feet from, the house occupied by Dan Martin, designated No. 27 Anaconda Road. During the progress of the work the contractors were delayed for fifteen days or more, and during that interval the trench in front of the Martin home was left open. As soon as the pipe could be laid after work was resumed, the trench was filled. There was a path or roadway leading from Anaconda Road to the north to the Martin home and to other houses in the immediate neighborhood, and the section of the trench in front of the Martin house, about three feet wide, twelve feet long, and twelve or thirteen feet deep, extended across, or at least two or three feet into, this path or roadway and was left open and unguarded, and without lights or other signals to indicate danger. During the time the work was interrupted, and on the evening of October 13, 1912, when it was so dark that the excavation could not be seen, and when its existence was unknown to her, Katie McLaughlin, while traveling along this path or roadway north from Anaconda Road, to visit at the Martin home, fell into the trench in front of the Martin house and was severely injured. She brought this action against the contractors to recover damages, but the trial court nonsuited her, and these appeals are prosecuted to have determined whether upon the agreed facts, and the evidence offered by the plaintiff supplementary thereof, there is shown any liability on the part of the contractors.

Concerning the path or roadway, the witness Martin testified: “There was a well-beaten road or traveled way leading from Anaconda Road up to my house and on up beyond my house that people traveled on going back and forth from Anaconda Road up to and past my house. There were many people traveled that way. It was the only way to go from Anaconda Road up in that neighborhood. There were a good many houses up *185 in that neighborhood. The defendants dug this ditch easterly and westerly in front of my house. My house faces south toward Anaconda Road.”

Frank Reynolds testified: “I have known that traveled way leading up from Anaconda Road for about seventeen years.- I traveled over it that long ago, and have traveled over it different times since. It was a well-beaten traveled way. It ran up between two dumps, about twelve or fifteen feet apart, from Anaconda Road up past where Dan Martin’s house is to the neighborhood beyond, and was the only way of going up that way. There is a crossing in the sidewalk where this traveled way leaves Anaconda Road. There were no sidewalks on either side of this traveled way. * # * I have traveled over that traveled way from Anaconda Road up that way in the last seventeen years about four times. After you get up to Dan Martin’s house then the paths branch off different ways to go to the different places and houses in that neighborhood.”

Mrs, Martin and the plaintiff were intimate friends, accustomed to visit each other at their respective homes, and the path or roadway leading to the Martin home from Anaconda Road was well known to the plaintiff. There is not any evidence in the record as to who owned the land at the point where the accident occurred; but defendants had secured a right of way for the sewer, and from that fact it may be inferred that the land was held in private ownership. It was, however, open and uninclosed. There is not any evidence that the owner knew of the use of his property by the people of the vicinity or the existence of the path or roadway, which, so far as the record discloses, was not a public thoroughfare of any character.

Statutory Liability. Section 8535, Revised Codes, provides: “Every person who sinks any shaft or runs any drift or cut, or causes the same to be done, within the limits of any city or town or village in this state, or within one mile of the corporate limits of any city or town, or within three hundred feet of any street, road or public highway, and who shall fail to place a substantial cover over or tight fence around the same, is punishable by a *186 fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000). * * * Mining, irrigating and other ditches may be dug or cut to a depth not exceeding ten feet without incurring the penalty of this section.” This statute was first enacted in 1871 (Codified Stats. 1871, p. 593), and with very slight amendments has been [1, 4] brought forward to the present time. The arrangement and classification of statutes, their title and headnotes, are all proper and available means from which to determine legislative intent. (Hardesty v. Largey Lumber Co., on rehearing, 34 Mont. 160 , 86 Pac. 32 ; In re Wisner, 36 Mont. 298 , 92 Pac. 958 .) Chapter 81 of the Laws of 1871, above, was entitled “Mines and Prospectors.” The statute made it a misdemeanor for anyone to sink a shaft or run a drift or cut within twenty.feet of a-trail, road or public highway, unless within ten days such opening was protected by a substantial covering or fence. With slight modifications, the statute was incorporated in the Compiled Statutes of 1887 (sec. 255, Fourth Division) under the headnote, “Leaving Open Shaft or Cut Within Twenty Feet of Highway.” Substantially the same statute was brought into the Penal Code of 1895 (section 704), without title or headnote. The sixth legislative assembly passed an Act entitled: “An Act to amend section 704, in title X of part I, of the Penal Code of * * * Montana, relating to exposed shafts, and providing a penalty for failure to inclose and protect the same.” (Laws 1899, p. 149.) This amendment extended the statute so as to prohibit such open shafts, cuts and drifts within the limits of any city, town or village, and increased the maximum punishment for its violation. Into the Revised Codes of 1907 the statute, as amended in 1899, was brought forward under the heading “Protecting Mining Shafts in City.” (Sec. 8535, above.) In the Acts of 1871, 1887 and 1895, certain mining and irrigating ditches were particularly excepted from the operation of the respective statutes. In the amendment of 1899, mining, irrigating and other ditches, not more than ten feet deep, were excepted, and such is the state of the law to-day.-

*187 Counsel for appellant contends that, by excepting mining, irrigating and other ditches not more than ten feet deep, the legislature must have intended that a ditch of any character more than ten feet deep was intended to be included within the prohibited list. But this argument if given effect would operate [2] to extend a highly penal statute by implication merely, in violation of the most elementary rule of statutory construction. (In re Wisner, above; 36 Cyc. 1186.) “In order to enforce a penalty against a person, he must be brought clearly within both the spirit and letter of the statute.” (36 Cyc. 1187.)

In every one of the Acts above mentioned, the only things prohibited are sinking a shaft or running a drift or cut. When the statute was first enacted, each of these terms had, and ever since has had, a well-defined and generally understood meaning. Each referred to an operation in mining, and to nothing else; at all times each has been a strictly mining term. In its broad [3] significance, the word “cut” may have a meaning other than that employed in mining; but when used in conjunction with “shaft” and “drift” it means a surface opening in the ground intersecting a vein. “Copulatio verb or urn indicat ac-ceptationem in eodem sensn.” Oür conclusion, from the history of section 8535 and the prohibitive language employed, is that it was never intended to apply to a ditch or trench temporarily opened for the purpose of laying sewer-pipe.

Liability Under City Ordinance. At the time this accident occurred there was in force an ordinance of the city of Butte [5] (No. 218) which declared it to be unlawful “for any person or persons, company or corporation to permit or allow any shaft, drift, prospect hole or other excmation owned or controlled by them or it to remain open and unguarded by a proper covering of two-inch planks or a suitable fence at least four feet high and substantially constructed within the limit of the city of Butte, unless the same is properly guarded or patroled by one or more persons “during the entire day and night.” A fine of $100 might be imposed for a violation of this ordinance.

*188 It is very clear that the sewer trench in question cannot be classified as a “shaft,” “drift,” or “prospect hole.” Each of those terms has a well-defined and generally understood meaning in this state, and particularly in Butte, where mining is the principal industry. But it is insisted that the terms “or other excavation” are sufficiently broad to include the trench in question. If the prohibition of the ordinance was directed against any excavation being left unguarded, appellant’s contention would prevail. But since the words “or other excavation” follow immediately after the specific enumeration “shafts,” “drifts,” “prospect holes,” the rule of statutory construction exemplified by the expression “ejusdem generis,” or “noscitur a sociis,” requires the word “excavation” to be employed to mean some other opening in the ground of the same class of shafts, drifts and prospect holes. As applied to the ordinance in question, the rule requires the conclusion that it was the intention of the city council of Butte to use the terms “other excavation” as meaning, and to refer to, some other excavation made in the course of prospecting or active mining. (City of Kalispell v. School District, 45 Mont. 221 , Ann. Cas. 1913D, 1101, 122 Pac. 742 ; Helena L. & Ry. Co. v. City of Helena, 47 Mont. 18 , 130 Pac. 446 .) The record fails to disclose liability on the part of these respondents arising from any supposed violation of Ordinance 218.

Common-lam Liability. Because of the extreme meagerness of this record and the absence therefrom of material facts which it is apparent could have been proved, we are required to treat this appellant, in the first instance, as a technical trespasser at the time of the accident and determine her rights, if any she has, accordingly. In the absence of any evidence as to the [6-9] ownership of the Dan Martin house, and other houses in that neighborhood accommodated by the path or roadway leading north from Anaconda Road, no inference of wrongful occupancy can be drawn. Martin’s occupancy must be treated as rightful for the purposes of this case, if that is a material fact. (Bourke v. Butte El. Ry. Co., 33 Mont. 267 , 83 Pac. 470 .)

*189 Tbe rule at common law imposed upon tbe land owner tbe duty only to reirain from any intention or wanton acts occasioning injury to a trespasser upon his property. (Egan v. Montana Cent. Ry. Co., 24 Mont. 569 , 63 Pac. 831 ; Conway v. Monidah Trust, 47 Mont. 269 , 132 Pac. 26 .) Tbe exceptions to that rule are not material here. Since these defendants were in possession of the land at the place of injury and had an easement in the property, they are to be treated as the owners for the purposes of these appeals. That wantonness may be shown by acts of omission as well as by acts of commission, where the facts disclose a reckless disregard of the lives or safety of others, is a rule of law now generally recognized and was referred to approvingly by this court in Driscoll v. Clark, 32 Mont. 172 , 80 Pac. 1, 373 . There cannot be any rigid standard by which to determine whether wantonness in a given instance has been shown. Every case must depend upon its own peculiar facts and circumstances. It is the rule, repeated so often that it may fairly be said to have become axiomatic in the law of this state, [10] that, on appeal from a judgment rendered on a nonsuit, this court will consider the evidence in the view most favorable to the plaintiff and treat every fact as proved which the evidence tends to prove. Tested by that rule, the evidence discloses that the path or roadway, where the accident happened, was so plainly marked on the ground and had been subjected to such general and notorious use, and for such length of time, that the defendants knew of its existence and use, or, what amounts to the same thing, will be held chargeable with that knowledge. The facts, then, disclose uninclosed lands over [11] which the public (that is, the people of a considerable community or neighborhood) had been accustomed to pass for several years, until a well-defined path or roadway had become plainly marked upon the ground, and the owners of that ground excavating a dangerous trench into or across such path or roadway, and leaving the same uncovered, unguarded and unprotected for two or three weeks, without warning or notice of any kind or character, and with the knowledge that people aecus- *190 tomed to use the path or roadway might reasonably be expected to use it under such circumstances that injury to them would result. If this does not make out a prima facie case of reckless disregard of the lives and safety of others, then it would be difficult to imagine a state of circumstances which would do so. The authorities bearing upon this subject, and cases presenting similar facts and declaring liability under them, are: 29 Cyc. 470; Wharton on Negligence, sec. 349; Morrow v. Sweeney, 10 Ind. App. 626 , 38 N. E. 187 ; Graves v. Thomas, 95 Ind. 361 , 48 Am. Rep. 727 ; Penso v. McCormick, 125 Ind. 116 , 21 Am. St. Rep. 211 , 9 L. R. A. 313, 25 N. E. 156 ; Connally v. Woods, 39 Okl. 186 , 134 Pac. 869 .

From the admitted facts, the evidence of plaintiff, and the fair inferences to be drawn therefrom, we conclude that a prima facie case, based upon the defendants’ common-law liability, was made out, and that the trial court erred in sustaining the motion for nonsuit.

In what has preceded we have treated the plaintiff as a technical trespasser. It is an open question whether she was not shown to be a licensee (Carskaddon v. Mills, 5 Ind. App. 22 , 31 N. E. 559 ), or present at the place of danger by the implied invitation of the defendants. [De Tarr v. Heine Brewing Co., 62 Kan. 188 , 61 Pac. 689 .)

The judgment and order are reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur.