Hoffmann v. Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co.

KeewiN, J.

Two questions are presented for consideration upon this appeal: (1) Whether persons under twenty-one years of age are required to give the notice provided for in subd. 5, sec. 4222, Stats. 1898, as amended, within one year after the happening of the event causing the damage, in order to maintain an action commenced after the expiration of such year. (2) If subd. 5, sec. 4222, Stats. 1898, does require the giving of such notice, is it valid ?

1. A brief reference to the statutes respecting limitation of time for the commencement of actions will show that the notice referred to in subd. 5, sec. 4222, Stats. 1898, is not a *78 limitation upon the time for commencement of actions, bnt a condition or limitation npon tbe right to maintain actions unless the notice shall be served within one year after the happening of the event causing the damage. Sec. 4206 (ch. 177) ■provides that civil actions can only be commenced within the periods of time prescribed, except when in special cases' a different limitation is provided by statute. Sec. 4219 of the same chapter provides that the “following actions must be ■ commenced within the periods respectively hereinafter prescribed after the cause of action has accrued.” Then follow, in this chapter: sec. 4220, providing a twenty-year limitation; sec. 4221, a ten-year limitation; sec. 4222, a six-year limitation; sec. 4223, a three-year limitation; sec. 4224, a ■two-year limitation, and sec. 4225, a one-year limitation. Sec. 4233 provides:

“If a person entitled to bring an action mentioned in this ■chapter, ... be, at the time the cause of action accrued, . . . within the age of twenty-one years, . . . the time of ■such disability is not a part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.”

Sec. 4249 of the same chapter in effect provides that the periods of limitation, unless otherwise specially prescribed by law, must be computed from the time of the “accruing of the right to relief by action.” These several sections, from 4206 to 4249, inclusive, were passed before oh. 304, Laws of 1897, and relate exclusively to limitations upon the commencement •of actions, while ch. 304, Laws of 1897, which was added to ■subd. 5, sec. 4222, as rewritten into the Statutes of 1898, is a separate and independent provision imposing a condition to be performed necessary to the maintenance of the action after ■the expiration of one year from the happening of the event causing the damage. Malloy v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 109 Wis. 29 , 85 N. W. 130 ; Relyea v. Tomahawk P. & P. Co. 102 Wis. 301 , 78 N. W. 412 ; Troschansky v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. *79 Co. 110 Wis. 570 , 86 N. W. 156 . Ch. 304, Laws of 1897, provides:

“No action to recover damages for an injury to tbe person shall be maintained unless, within one year after the happening of the event causing such damages, notice in writing, signed by the party damaged, his agent or attorney, shall be served upon the person or corporation by whom it is claimed such damage was caused, stating the time and place where such damage occurred, a brief description of the injuries, the manner in which they were received and the grounds upon which claim is made, and that satisfaction thereof is claimed of such person or corporation.”

Oh. 307, Laws of 1899, dispenses with the above notice, when the action shall be brought and the complaint served within one year after the happening of the- event causing the damage. Ch. 304, Laws of 1897, was in force when the plaintiff’s cause of action accrued and imposed a condition, by its terms, upon all persons, without exception, to serve the notice provided for in order to maintain an action after the expiration of one year from the happening of the event causing the damage. No exception is made in favor of minors in this statute, and none can be ingrafted upon it by the courts. Statutes of limitation run against minors in the absence of exemption in their favor. Buswell, Limitations, § 104; Angelí, Limitations, § 194.

It is urged, however, that this statute requiring the giving of notice within one year is a statute of limitation upon plaintiff’s right of action, and within the protection of sec. 4233, and a very able and ingenious argument is presented in support of this contention. It is insisted that the law of 1897 in effect limits the plaintiff’s right of action to one year and must, therefore, be regarded a statute of limitation. But a sufficient answer to this is that she would still have the statutory period within which to commence her action, provided she complied with the law of 1897. In Troschansky v. Mil *80 waukee E. R. & L. Co., supra, in considering tbe question, tbis court said:

“Tbe statute does not assume to limit tbe time in wbicb tbe action is to be commenced. . . . Tbe limitation is not upon tbe time of tbe commencement of tbe action, but upon tbe time witbin wbicb a certain prescribed act, necessary to tbe enforcement of bis cause of action, shall be done. If tbis is not performed witbin tbe time so limited, be loses bis right to proceed.”

Tbe same reasoning applies to tbe argument of counsel that plaintiff is witbin tbe protection of tbe disability statute (sec. 4233). That statute plainly and unequivocally contains a'saving clause in favor of persons under twenty-one years of age respecting tbe commencement of actions, and cannot by any legitimate construction be held to apply to tbe statute requiring tbe giving of notice.

Counsel strenuously urges that see. 4233 should be so construed as to exempt minors during their disability from tbe operation of cb. 304, Laws of 1897. But we think tbis contention untenable. The disability statute plainly exempts minors from tbe operation of tbe statute limiting tbe time for commencement of actions only, and has no reference to tbe statute providing for tbe service of notice. Counsel has quoted from various decisions of tbis court to tbe effect that tbis law requiring notice is a statute of limitation, and in tbe sense used by tbis court in Relyea v. Tomahawk P. & P. Co. 102 Wis. 301 , 78 N. W. 412 , and other cases, it is a statute of limitation in that it imposes a condition upon tbe right to maintain tbe action, wbicb must be performed witbin one year, but is in no sense a limitation upon tbe time for tbe commencement of actions, and it is very clear that tbe disability statute refers only to limitations upon tbe time for the commencement of actions. In Malloy v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 109 Wis. 29, 31 , 85 N. W. 130 , in considering tbis question tbe court said that “the requirement of notice simply set a new limit witbin wbicb a certain step necessary to enforce *81 tbe right of action must be exercised.” And again on page 32 ( 85 N. W. 131 ) :

“Unquestionably, tbe legislative purpose was to require tbe injured party to inform tbe other within a reasonable time, fixed at one year, of bis intention to bold him responsible. If be did so, then be might commence bis action any time within six years. If be did not, then bis right would be forfeited. Tbe primary purpose seems to have been that notice should be given to afford the defendant an opportunity to investigate tbe circumstances before they got stale and to preserve evidence for bis defense.”

So tbe mischief to be avoided by tbe act required tbe service of notice by all, minors as well as adults, in order to accomplish tbe result, and it is not unreasonable to believe that tbe legislature bad this in mind when tbe act was passed and concluded to make no exemption in favor of minors, but leave tbe protection of their rights to those charged with their care and maintenance. But it is not for us to speculate as to tbe purpose of tbe legislature. It is sufficient to say that minors are not exempted from tbe operation of tbe law, and we cannot disregard its plain language. "Whether it would have been wise for tbe legislature to have exempted minors from tbe operation of tbe statute requiring notice to be given is a question for tbe legislature and not for tbe courts.

Many eases are cited by counsel for appellant on statutory' construction, and especially tbe construction which statutes in pari materia should be given; but none of these eases violate tbe well settled rule, but on tbe contrary affirm it. We quote from Mundt v. Sheboygan & F. R. R. Co. 31 Wis. 451 , 451:

“Courts cannot correct supposed errors, omissions, or defects in legislation. Tbe office of interpretation is to bring out tbe sense where tbe words used axe in some manner doubtful, and where these are plain and unambiguous tbe court cannot depart from tbe language of tbe statute. This court has too often of late bad occasion to repeat and enforce these *82 rules, to permit them now to be called in question or disregarded. It is only where the intention of the legislature is ambiguously expressed, so as to be fairly capable of two or more meanings, that interpretation -or any latitude of construction is allowable.”

The statute in question is clear and unambiguous, and if its words be given their plain, obvious, and ordinary meaning there can be no room for doubt that the legislature intended the statute requiring notice to be -served within one year after the happening of the event causing the damage should apply to all persons. To give it any other construction would be to disregard the plain meaning of the statute. Sutherland, Stat. Const. § 238; Smith v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 124 Wis. 120 , 102 N. W. 336 .

It is suggested by counsel for appellant that no provision is made by statute for the signature of the minor to the notice. The statute provides that the same shall be signed by the party damaged, his agent or attorney. It is sufficient if the notice shows that it is given on behalf of the party who brings the suit. McKeague v. Green Bay, 106 Wis. 577 , 82 N. W. 708 . The father, the natural guardian, may give suhh notice on behalf of the minor. Reed v. Madison, 83 Wis. 171 , 53 N. W. 547 .

2. It is further contended that if the statute requiring notice within one year applies to persons under twenty-one years of age, it is unconstitutional and void as repugnant to the first section of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, and see. 9 of art. I of the constitution of the state of Wisconsin. But it is sufficient to say, in reply to this contention, that the legislature has the right to impose conditions and pass limitation statutes running against minors as well as adults, and the question for consideration is whether a reasonable length of time be given after the right accrues within which to enforce it. It will be observed that in the case before us the plaintiff’s right of action accrued *83 after tbe passage of the statute in question, while some of the cases cited by counsel for appellant are cases where the statute was passed after the right of action accrued, and it was held that the time was unreasonably short. In one of the cases cited it was'held that forty-eight hours was an unreasonable time, while in another thirty days was held unreasonable. But we have not been cited to any case, nor have we found any, which holds that one year is unreasonable. It is not necessary to decide whether the plaintiff had a property right, in future causes of action not in existence at the time of the passage of the statute in question, within the meaning of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution, nor to consider whether under the state constitution the remedy respecting future causes of action could be wholly cut off, because, assuming that it could not, we are satisfied that one year is a reasonable time within which to serve the notice in actions accruing after the passage of the act, and hence that the law is not obnoxious to any constitutional provision. Smith, v. Packard, 12 Wis. 371 ; Terry v. Anderson, 95 U. S. 628 ; Turner v. New York, 168 U. S. 90 , 18 Sup. Ct. 38. It follows that the judgment of the court below is right and must be affirmed.

By the Ciourt. — Judgment affirmed.